小麦精量播种机排种高精度检测系统设计与试验

为实现小麦精量播种机播种量的精准检测,基于电容传感器设计了一套高精度小麦种子粒数检测系统。研究了小麦种子以单粒形式下落和多粒同时下落两种方式下的电容与小麦种子数目之间的关系。对于小麦种子以单粒形式下落,提出用差分动态阈值法检测小麦种子数目,试验表明检测的最大相对误差为1. 54%;对于多粒小麦种子同时下落,排种轮转速从20 r/min到55 r/min,每增加5 r/min,分别建立小麦种子数目与电容积分值之间的最小二乘回归模型。试验结果表明,根据实际转速和速度最近原则选择相应的回归模型,该系统对不同的排种转速均具有较高的检测精度,相对误差介于-2. 16%～2. 23%之间。对于小麦精量播种机不同的排种模式或不同的排种速度,所设计的排种检测系统均有较高的检测精度。     

基于微分几何与EDEM的船型开畦沟装置触土曲面优化

针对长江中下游地区油菜种植时土壤黏重板结、含水率波动大、播种作业需开畦沟避免渍害的农艺要求,考虑开沟犁体的触土曲面复杂、难以通过高速数字化土槽及田间试验方法寻求其减阻设计方法和理论依据的问题,采用微分几何理论并结合EDEM仿真方法,开展了驱动圆盘犁对置组合式耕整机开畦沟装置主要触土曲面结构优化研究。通过对主要触土曲面(开畦沟前犁犁体曲面、船式开沟犁整形曲面)牵引阻力分析和曲面参数分析,确定了触土曲面主要结构参数范围。根据微分几何理论,分别建立了能量化描述不同导曲线类型(直线、抛物线、指数曲线)犁体曲面形状变化差异的微分内蕴几何量E、L、M表达式。阻力特性仿真试验结果表明:在作业速度为0. 9～1. 5 m/s、曲面结构参数一定时,导曲线为抛物线型的开畦沟前犁和船式开沟犁具有较好的减阻特性,其平均牵引阻力相比直线型犁体分别低15. 09%、16. 92%,相比指数线型犁体分别低32. 59%、31. 58%。触土曲面的内蕴几何量E、L、M可分别反映犁体阻力随速度的增长速率、犁体牵引阻力大小、犁体阻力随速度的波动程度。当设计犁体的导曲线形状使曲面内蕴几何量E的变化率较小、L为单调减函数、M的波动较小时,犁体具有较好的减阻性能。参数优化仿真试验表明:在作业速度为1. 2 m/s、抛物线型开畦沟前犁宽度为92 mm、船式开沟犁整形曲面最大元线角为66°时,开畦沟装置牵引阻力最小,为1 042. 52 N。田间试验表明:经参数优化的组合式船型开畦沟装置在作业速度为0. 9、1. 2、1. 5 m/s时测试的平均牵引阻力分别为956. 77、1 101. 33、1 564. 85 N,与仿真试验结果误差在7%以内,作业效果满足油菜播种开畦沟的农艺要求。     

黑土区田块尺度下地形影响作物长势机理分析

为揭示作物长势及水肥运移的空间分异规律,探究田块尺度内作物长势与地形变化的关系,以东北典型黑土区东兴农机合作社为研究区,沿南北垄向提取高精度数字高程模型(Digital elevation model,DEM)与归一化植被指数(Normalized differential vegetation index,NDVI)信息,构建地形指标,分析NDVI的空间变异性。结果表明,坡型凸凹程度越明显,NDVI的空间变异性越大;同类坡型中阴坡NDVI的空间变异性与坡型凸凹程度呈负相关;坡度在±0.03范围内,作物长势好,空间变异性低;以坡度绝对值高于0.04的坡度均值与其对应直线距离所占整条直线的比值作为自变量,构建多元逐步回归模型,进行回归分析,可以解释大豆NDVI决定系数为0.965 2、高粱NDVI决定系数为0.888 3的空间变异性。不同地理空间的地形与成土母质差异显著,通过分析研究区内地形对作物长势的影响规律,可为田块尺度地形的分析提供借鉴,有助于指导农户合理地进行水肥分配。     

基于反射光谱预处理的苹果叶片叶绿素含量预测

以苹果叶片叶绿素含量为研究对象,定量研究了光谱数据预处理方法对光谱特征提取及叶绿素含量预测模型的影响。首先,比较了苹果叶片原始反射率光谱、小波包去噪反射率光谱、反射率一阶差分光谱、先小波包去噪后一阶差分光谱、先一阶差分后小波包去噪光谱这5种光谱的波段间相关系数以及光谱与叶绿素含量间的相关系数,建立了叶绿素含量预测逐步回归模型并对建模结果进行了比较分析。结果表明单纯3层sym8小波包去噪可使光谱曲线平滑,但不会明显提高模型精度;一阶差分虽然放大了局部噪声,但是消除了基线漂移影响,可提高模型精度;先差分后小波包去噪比先小波包去噪后差分具有更高的峰值信号噪声比,更低的均方误差与最大误差,建模结果也显示出同样的结果。因此,先差分后小波包去噪算法可认为是一种有效的苹果叶片叶绿素含量预测光谱预处理方法。利用这一方法建立了苹果叶片叶绿素含量预测模型,获得了较高的预测精度。该研究可用于对苹果树营养状态的评价并指导按需施肥。     

冲量式谷物流量传感器测产信号处理方法

为研究冲量式谷物流量传感器背景振动噪声的提取及剔除方法,以减小背景振动噪声对其测产精度的影响,设计了一套冲量式谷物流量传感器室内标定台架,通过变频调速器控制驱动电机实现输粮搅龙和刮板升运器转速的改变以模拟联合收割机的不同田间工况,并对双板差分冲量式谷物流量传感器的测产信号处理方法进行了研究。通过算术均值滤波初步滤除测量板和参考板输出信号中的随机噪声,通过对参考板滤波输出信号的离散傅里叶变换(discrete Fourier transform,DFT)提取背景噪声的频谱特性,通过测量板和参考板DFT结果的频域差分实现测量板输出信号中背景噪声的剔除,对频域差分结果进行离散傅里叶逆变换(inverse discrete Fourier transform,IDFT)即可得到剔除了背景振动噪声后的传感器输出信号,再对其进行二次算术均值滤波,即得到最终的测产输出信号。通过室内台架标定,建立了谷物籽粒流量与测产输出信号和升运器速度之间的标定模型,并进行了室内模拟测产试验。试验结果表明:谷物流量范围为0.5~2.3 kg/s时,在不同的变频调速器输出频率下,最大测产误差不大于3.1%,测产精度较高且比较稳定,频域差分处理方法能较好地实现双板差分冲量式谷物流量传感器背景振动噪声的剔除。该研究可为冲量式谷物流量传感器测产系统的开发提供参考。     

Identification of pathogenic races ofPhytophthora fragariae Hickman in Germany

Summary The fungusPhytophthora fragariae Hickman is the causal agent of red stele disease in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), this being a major disease in many areas with cool and moist conditions. Success of resistance breeding can be nullified by the appearence of specific races of the fungus capable of overcoming the introduced resistance. In some countries (USA, UK, Japan and Canada) races were identified by using a differential set of strawberry cultivars. The absence of an international standard differential set and the use of different test methods make a comparison of the identified races difficult or even lead to contradictory results for one variety/race combination. The aim of this study was to obtain information about the spectrum of pathogenic races in Germany as a basic contribution to research on resistance breeding against the fungus. The susceptibility of different strawberry cultivars to German isolates ofP. fragariae was evaluated. The inoculation was done by modifying a method described by Milholland et al. (1989). Rootedin vitro plants, four weeks after transferring them to the soil, were used for the investigation. Inoculation was done with a zoospore suspension of defined concentration. Up to now three German isolates, G-1, G-2, and G-3, can be separated by their ability to infect and produce oospores in the roots of the strawberry cultivars ‘Senga Sengana’, either ‘Saladin’, ‘Redgauntlet’ or ‘Climax’ andFragaria chiloensis clone ‘YaquinaB’. These results confirm the existence of pathogenic races ofP. fragariae in Germany and should be taken into consideration for resistance breeding against the fungus.     

The Unified Representation of Interface Conditionsof Electromagnetic Quantities Using Exterior Differential Forms

A continuity condition of p-forms across a p-dimensional submanifold isderived.The,various interface conditions of electromagnetic quantities are obtained through theapplication of the continuity condition to Minkowski manifold of space-time.     

差异显示技术在马铃薯基因功能研究中的应用

近年来,包括马铃薯在内的植物功能基因组学研究得到飞速发展。基因差异表达技术的日趋完善,为探讨动植物特定的遗传现象、规律及抗逆机制研究提供了极大的方便。文章论述抑制性消减杂交技术、cDNA—AFLP技术、cDNA微阵列（也称为cDNA芯片）等技术在马铃薯基因功能研究中的最新进展。     

蛋白质组学在生鲜肉肉色变化机制研究中的应用

肉色是影响消费者购买欲望的最直观因素。宰后生鲜肉肉色的变化机制和肉色改善一直是肉类科学领域研究的热点。肉色体系复杂,其稳定性受动物宰前因素、从肌肉向可食用肉转化过程和宰后商业流通链条件等因素的影响。目前,仍有许多影响途径和作用机制不够清楚。研究者已采用蛋白质组学技术发现了许多与肉色相关的蛋白标志物和可能影响途径。该文基于近年的研究,综述了不同处理条件下与肉色相关的差异蛋白,主要包括结构性蛋白中的肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白和肌联蛋白,以及肌浆蛋白中的伴侣蛋白、热休克蛋白、代谢酶类和氧化还原酶类等,分析了差异蛋白表达对肉色的影响及其表达调控肉色体系的可能机制,为今后肉色变化机制的研究和肉色稳定性的调控提供了思路。     

Interspecific facilitation between intercropped millets and peanuts: insights from root proteomics analysis

Intercropping is practised globally because of its advantages in terms of productivity and resource use efficiency. However, our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying belowground interspecific interactions in intercropping systems is still very limited. Pot experiments involving both intercropped millet and peanut were conducted to quantify the differentially expressed proteins in each component crop under conditions of complete, partial and no interspecific interactions based on tandem mass tag (TMT) labelling. The results showed that the yields of both crops in the intercropping system increased in response to complete root interactions due to increases in nutrient acquisition as well as increases in root length and surface area. There were 73 differentially expressed proteins in the millet roots and 41 in the peanut roots, most of which were involved in C metabolism, N metabolism, transport and signal transduction. Additional bioinformatic analyses revealed that root interactions improved N and P assimilation via relatively high amounts of proteins such as urease and inorganic phosphate transporter in the millet roots and malate dehydrogenase increased P assimilation related proteins in the peanut roots. These results would contribute to a comprehensive understanding at molecular level in cereal/legume intercropping systems in response to interspecific root interactions.