重庆市四面山不同土地利用类型饱和导水率

[目的]探讨不同土地利用类型和土壤理化性质对饱对导水率的影响。[方法]采用定水头法测定四面山不同土地利用类型的饱和导水率,并运用回归分析,相关分析和主成分分析法分析其与土壤物理因子和有机质的关系,以及影响饱和导水率的主导因子。[结果]各土地利用类型的平均饱和导水率均高于荒地,其顺序为:林地农地草地,林地中天然林饱和导水率大于人工林;饱和导水率随土层深度的增加呈负指数递减规律;饱和导水率与容重呈幂函数关系,与孔隙度呈正相关,与黏粒含量呈负相关;有机质含量的提高对饱和导水率有积极的促进作用。[结论]影响饱和导水率的主导因子是容重、有机质、非毛管孔隙度和毛管孔隙度,其次,土壤机械组成对其也有一定影响。     

有机肥与化肥不同比例配施下水稻土铵态氮释放特征

采用淹水密闭培养-间歇淋洗法,研究了有机肥(猪粪和牛粪)与化肥(尿素)氮以不同比例配施后对水稻土铵态氮释放特征的影响。结果表明:与单施100%尿素处理相比,培养到28 d,配施有机肥处理(除80%尿素氮配施20%牛粪氮、70%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮和50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮处理)显著降低土壤铵态氮的累积释放量,且随有机肥配施比例的增加降幅增大,降低幅度为5.78%~41.20%(P0.05);培养28~90 d,配施有机肥处理(50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮处理除外)的土壤铵态氮释放量显著提高;至培养90 d,50%尿素氮配施50%猪粪氮和80%尿素氮配施20%牛粪氮处理的土壤铵态氮累积释放量显著高于单施100%尿素处理,提高幅度分别为4.81%和9.32%(P0.05)。培养结束时,氮素减施20%(单施80%尿素氮、50%尿素氮配施30%猪粪氮和50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮)处理的土壤铵态氮累积释放量与单施100%尿素处理无显著差异。本研究表明,50%尿素氮配施30%猪粪氮既可以降低土壤铵态氮前期释放速率,又可以增加水稻土持续稳定的供氮能力,对减少氮肥损失维持作物生产具有重要意义。     

异速对辊式玉米秸秆粉碎还田装置设计与试验

针对玉米秸秆量大、韧性强,导致还田后秸秆粉碎不均匀影响后续整地和播种等问题,该研究提出了一种异速对辊及动态双支撑形式的玉米秸秆粉碎还田方式,并研制了相应的玉米秸秆还田装置,主要由捡拾粉碎单元、对辊滑切支撑单元、支撑板和机壳等组成。在异速动态双支撑条件下,通过对作业过程中玉米秸秆动力学分析和秸秆漏捡面积分析,对捡拾粉碎刀和对辊滑切支撑刀进行设计,建立了影响秸秆粉碎合格率的数学模型。以捡拾粉碎刀转速、L型甩刀折弯角、L型甩刀刃口长度和滑切支撑刀滑切角为因素,秸秆粉碎合格率为试验指标进行Box-Behnken试验。田间试验结果表明：当滑切支撑刀滑切角45°、捡拾粉碎刀转速1 700 r/min、L型甩刀刃口长度45 mm和L型甩刀折弯角40°时,玉米秸秆粉碎合格率为92.58%,与预测值误差<5%,满足国家标准要求。该研究提出的秸秆粉碎还田方式和研制的秸秆粉碎装置为玉米秸秆粉碎还田机设计和优化提供新的方案和技术支撑。     

贵州省不同地貌类型区的MOD16蒸散发变化特征

探究贵州省喀斯特山区蒸散发时空演变特征,对该区水资源的高效利用与生态环境建设具有重要意义。基于MOD16产品遥感数据,统计分析了贵州省2000—2014年地表蒸散发量的年际和年内时空变化状况,并探讨了不同地貌类型蒸散发量的差异性变化特征。结果表明:（1）2000—2014年,贵州省蒸散发量年际变化总体趋势不明显,蒸散发年均值为854.95 mm/a,多年平均蒸散发空间分布呈现出东南高、西北低、中部居中的三级阶梯分布格局;（2）不同地貌类型蒸散发量的月均值呈现先上升后下降的单峰变化趋势,最高、最低分别出现在7月和1月,各地貌逐年各月蒸散发均值与整体差异明显;（3）从地貌类型看,多年均值蒸散发量由大到小依次为峰丛洼地、非喀斯特地貌、岩溶槽谷、岩溶高原、岩溶断陷盆地、岩溶峡谷;（4）未来蒸散发年际变化空间分布大致呈现东西部减少、中部增加的趋势。     

黄土高原不同植被带草本植物叶片与土壤碳氮分布特征

【目的】黄土高原植被受水热因子作用明显,植被分布自东南向西北总体呈现出森林向草原过渡的地带性规律。本研究选取黄土丘陵区从南向北形成的4种典型植被带(森林带、森林.草原带、草原带和草原.荒漠带)作为研究对象,探讨不同植被带草本植物叶片与土壤碳?、氮(N)的分布差异及影响因素,为预测黄土高原植物的生长发育前景、生态系统的植物营养元素和土壤养分状况提供理论依据。【方法】以陕北黄土丘陵区富县、甘泉县、安塞县、靖边县、横山县以及榆林市榆阳区为研究区域,基于野外取样调查和室内分析相结合的方法,分别测定研究区4种植被带草本植物叶片和不同土层碳氮含量,最后利用方差分析研究不同植被带草本植物叶片及土壤碳氮差异,并与全球、中国尺度等研究结果进行比较;同时采用相关分析,阐明4种不同植被带植物叶片和不同土层有机碳、全氮的相关关系。【结果】1)土壤有机碳和全氮含量在0—10、10—20、20—40cm各个土层中均表现出极显著的相关性(P<0.001),在0—40cm土层中,随着深度增加,土壤有机碳和全氮整体呈下降趋势,由高到低依次为森林带、森林.草原带、草原带、草原.荒漠带,但不同植被类型的垂直变化规律差异较大。2)草本植物叶片有机碳和全氮含量存在显著的相关关系(P<0.01),植物叶片碳含量平均值为442.9g/kg,略低于全球492种陆地植物叶片碳含量的平均值464.2g/kg;而氮含量平均值为25.8g/kg,略高于全球水平20.6g/kg,说明黄土高原4种不同植被带在碳氮积累上存在差异,且该地区草本植物的C∶N相对较低。3)植物叶片C、N、C∶N与土壤SOC、STN含量表现出较为显著的相关关系(P<0.05),总体来看与不同土层相关关系各不相同。【结论】不同植被带土壤C、N空间分布具有一致性,且C、N含量均存在一定的相关关系。黄土高原由南向北,呈现植物叶片C含量降低而N含量升高的趋势,因此C/N呈现减小趋势。植物叶片C、N、C/N与不同土层的土壤C、N均存在一定相关关系。     

Changes in soil macropores: Superposition of the roles of organic nutrient amendments and the greenhouse pattern in vegetable plantations

Organic farming can potentially mitigate soil compaction, which commonly occurs in vegetable plantations, particularly in greenhouses when compared with open‐air systems. Although several studies have addressed the effect of planting patterns on soil pore characteristics, few studies have focused on changes in pore attributes under organic fertilization. We used adjacent fields during green manure planting as a control to compare the differences in soil physicochemical and macropore parameters between 14‐year‐old greenhouse plots and open‐air plots under organic fertilization. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to analyse the drivers of soil macropore characteristics in vegetable plantations in Jiangsu Province, China. A significant increase in connectivity, fractal dimensions and total macroporosity and a decrease in bulk density after 14 years of organic farming, particularly in the surface layer in the greenhouse, were observed. However, the difference in pores in the plough pan layer was not significant between the treatments. The volume of small pores (50–500 μm) and medium pores (500–1,000 μm) increased significantly (p < 0.05) in both the greenhouse and open‐air systems, showing significantly positive relationships with soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) content. Large pores (>1,000 μm) showed a clear decrease, especially in open‐air fields, possibly due to the disappearance of the original straw residues in the surface layer. Small and medium pores in the plough layer increased in greenhouse fields, whereas the opposite occurred in open‐air fields. Overall, compared with open‐air systems, long‐term organic greenhouse patterns had a significantly positive effect on soil pore attributes.     

Effect of active roots on the decomposition of soil organic materials

Summary The effect of one form of soil organic matter, such as living roots or root exudates on another form of soil organic matter, such as dead roots or incorporated litter and litter leachates, has been studied from various perspectives over the last 25 years. The effect seems to be either positive (priming) or negative (conserving). The present review concentrates on the conserving effect, measured as a decrease in ¹⁴CO₂ released, in both field and greenhouse/growth chamber studies. The field experiments suggested that certain physical conditions in the soil, such as less available moisture or restricted aeration which led to lower microbial activity, explained the conserving effect of living roots on soil organic matter. Although more detailed greenhouse/growth chamber studies confirmed the conserving effect per se, it appears that biological rather than physical factors could better explain the reduction in the rate of decomposition of ¹⁴C-labelled plant residues in the presence of roots. However, a complex picture has emerged through a variety of postulates, all proposed in attempts to explain the conserving effect. Finally, the most recent studies have argued that the decrease in decomposition of labelled organic matter in planted soil is probably more apparent than real. A decrease in respired ¹⁴CO₂ could be explained by an incorporation of ¹⁴C derived from old roots into the rhizosphere microbial populations of the living roots. To make any further progress on the fundamental question of how soil organic matter moves along its continuum from a living to a refractory state, the microenvironment needs to be examined at periodic intervals. New developments in improved histochemical and electron-probe microanalyses look promising.LRS Contribution no. 3878970     

多效唑诱导芒果反季节开花试验

用多效唑处理采收后和春季未开花的紫花芒果树均能诱导反季节开花。夏季处理的时间在7月上旬，春季处理的时间在4月中旬，每株用量18g。在多效唑不同方式的处理中，以根系输液效果最好；大枝打孔注入和土壤浸施处理效果较好，可操作性强；强力高压注射效果虽然较好，但注射所需时间太长，应用受限制。春季未成花的芒果树用多效唑处理后，果实于秋季成熟，效益比正造果提高3～5倍。     

Field compaction at different soil-water status: effects on pore size distribution and soil water characteristics of a Rhodic Ferralsol in Western Cuba

The level of compaction induced on cultivated fields through trafficking is strongly influenced by the prevailing soil-water status and, depending on the attendant soil degradation, vital soil hydraulic processes could be affected. Therefore, understanding the relationship between field soil-water status and the corresponding level of induced compaction for a given load is considered an imperative step toward a better control of the occurrence of traffic-induced field soil compaction. Pore size distribution, a fundamental and highly degradable soil property, was measured in a Rhodic Ferralsol, the most productive and extensively distributed soil in Western Cuba, to study the effects of three levels of soil compaction on soil water characteristic parameters. Soil bulk density and cone penetration index were used to measure compaction levels established by seven passes of a 10 Mg tractor at three soil-water statuses corresponding to the plastic (Fs), friable (Fc) and relatively dry soil (Ds) consistency states. Pore size distribution calculated from soil water characteristic curves was classified into three pore size categories on the basis of their hydraulic functioning: >50 μm (f_>50 μm), 50–0.5 μm (f_{50–0.5 μm}) and <0.5 μm (f_<0.5 μm). The greatest compaction levels were attained in the Fs and Fc soil water treatments, and a significant contribution to compaction was attributed to the existing soil water states under which the soil compaction was accomplished. Average cone index (CI) values in the range of 2.93–3.70 MPa reflected the accumulation of f_<0.5 μm pores, and incurred severe reductions in the volume of f_>50 μm pores in the Fs and Fc treatments, while an average CI value of 1.69 MPa indicated increments in the volume of f_{50–0.5 μm} in the Ds treatment. Despite the differential effects of soil compaction on the distribution of the different pore size categories, soil total porosity (f_Total) was not effective in reflecting treatment effects. Soil water desorption at the soil water potentials evaluated (0.0 to −15,000 cm H₂O) was adversely affected in the f_<0.5 μm dominated treatments; strong soil water retention was observed with the predominance of f_<0.5 μm, as was confirmed by the high water content at plant wilting point. Based on these findings, the use of field capacity water content as the upper limit of plant available soil water was therefore considered inappropriate for compacted soils.     

不同人为干扰尺度对米槠群落外貌特征影响研究

从群落外貌探讨不同人为干扰尺度对福建武平米槠林的影响。结果表明:随着人为干扰尺度(CK对照、A级择伐更新、B级天然更新、C级人工促进天然更新和D级杉木林)的加大藤本植物、地面芽植物、地上芽植物、中型叶、草质叶、复叶和落叶的种类逐渐上升或呈“S”型上升,而高芽位植物、小型叶、革质叶、全缘叶、单叶和常绿的种类逐渐下降或呈“S”下降;CK、A级、B级和C级的外貌是由革质、单叶、小型叶为主的常绿高位芽植物所决定的,而D级由草质、单叶、中型叶为主的常绿高位芽植物所决定的。