几种缓释肥在盐碱地区夏玉米栽培中的应用研究

[目的]为玉米生产提供技术指导。[方法]采用田间试验，研究4种玉米专用缓释肥对夏玉米的影响。[结果]4种缓释肥处理的增产效果都好于常规施肥，增产幅度为1．O％～24．8％。[结论]效果最好的是芭田复合长效I型缓释肥，比常规施肥增产24．8％。     

The installation of underground pipelines: effects on soil properties

Since the 1970s a network of underground pipes, up to 1200 mm diameter, has been installed in the UK to transmit crude oil to refineries and gas from onshore terminals for distribution. Chosen routes are subject to significant constraints. Current techniques for pipe installation involve topsoil removal and storage. Trench depth is set to allow a cover of 1200 mm overburden after pipes have been installed. The heavy machinery involved results in severe compaction of exposed subsoil. Subsoil is loosened comprehensively and topsoil replaced. Existing field drains are reconnected, and, if necessary, new drains with gravel backfill installed. Pipe installation usually takes place between April and October. Preventative measures to limit compaction during installation are not a practical option. If subsequent arable crops or grass are poorer or drainage more defective than before disturbance, the loss is assessed and compensation paid. To determine the cause of the loss >60, investigations have been made throughout the UK. Soil physical properties were assessed in an open trench using visual and tactile methods. Consistently, severe compaction in the subsoil was identified as the cause of poor crop growth or drainage; it was not observed in the topsoil. Specific recommendations for remedial action were made based on location, depth and severity of the compaction. These included the installation of additional land drains, increasing the amount of gravel above the drains, or further subsoil loosening orientated to cross gravel backfill. After appropriate remedial action, net compensation for crop losses was frequently small or negligible.     

后备公猪的科学选育与利用

后备公猪的科学选育及利用直接影响猪场制种效果和经济效益,同时也能体现规模化猪场的制种技术与水平。文章针对后备公猪选育的基本环节和操作要点,从如何选种选育、科学饲养管理、合理配种利用等方面进行系统阐述,为规模化猪场后备公猪生产提供技术指导和参考依据。     

土地规模化经营对农业生态效率影响及城乡市场分割调节作用探析

土地规模化经营是农业生态效率改善的重要动力,但土地规模化经营作用农业生态效率受到城乡市场分割的门槛调节。该研究借助2001—2017年全国30个地区(因数据缺失,西藏及港澳台地区未涵盖,下同)面板数据,运用面板门槛模型,就城乡市场分割调节土地规模化经营作用农业生态效率过程展开研究。结果表明:(1)我国农业生态效率总体向好,但地区间差异悬殊;(2)土地规模化经营驱动农业生态效率改善,但存在城乡市场分割门槛调节,弱市场分割地区土地规模化经营促进农业生态效率,强市场分割地区作用相反;(3)城乡市场分割调节土地规模化经营作用农业生态效率主要通过限制农产品、劳动力、资本城乡合理流动,削弱农业新型经营主体绿色农业发展意愿和能力途径展开;(4)我国多数地区城乡市场分割水平偏高,区域发展中城市资源偏向和工业优先发展突出,需进行及时改革。该研究可为政府制定绿色农业发展策略提供参考依据。     

Physiological Response of Multiple Contrasting Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars to Suboptimal Temperatures

The physiological response of multiple rice cultivars, eighteen initially and eight cultivars later on, to suboptimal temperatures (ST) conditions was investigated in laboratory and outdoor experimental conditions. Treatment with ST decreased growth in different extents according to the cultivar and affected the PSII performance, determined by chlorophyll fluorescence fast‐transient test, and stomatal conductance, regardless the experimental condition. Two groups of cultivars could be distinguished on the base of their growth and physiological parameters. The group of cultivars presenting higher growths displayed optimal JIP values, and higher instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i), due to a lower Gs under ST, unlike cultivars showing lower growth values, which presented worse JIP values and could not adjust their Gs and hence their WUE_i. In this work, we detected at least two cultivars with superior tolerance to ST than the cold tolerant referent Koshihikari. These cultivars could be used as parents or tolerance donors in breeding for new crop varieties. On other hand, positive and significant correlations between data obtained from laboratory and outdoor experiments suggest that laboratory measurements of most of the above mentioned parameters would be useful to predict the response of rice cultivars to ST outdoor.     

Phosphorus availability and farm structural factors: examining scarcity and oversupply in north‐east Germany

Assessing factors influencing phosphorus (P) availability in soils is important in preventing its overexploitation and excessive application in agricultural systems. Despite high historical P applications in the federal state of Brandenburg (Germany), county data on soil test P (STP) reveal considerable disparities in soil available P. In addition, negative soil balances as a result of small mineral P and manure inputs have been observed, raising questions about the factors leading to this situation. Our work focused on identifying possible causes operating at the farm management level by conducting a letter survey in two administrative districts of Brandenburg, the counties Barnim and Uckermark, linking farm management factors (ownership type, farm size, land tenure, animal husbandry with or without grassland and its intensity, presence of a biogas plant and organic production) to farmers’ self‐indicated levels of STP. Small‐ to medium‐sized individual farms tended to have (very) high STP, while large partnership farms and companies/cooperatives were sensitive to factors resulting in low STP. Farms with low shares of land ownership, the presence of grassland, extensive cattle farming and stockless organic farming had lower STP. On the other hand, biogas plants, partly in combination with intensive livestock (cattle) farming, were associated with larger STP. It was concluded that more care should be devoted to the design of agricultural policies and that further (inter‐ and transdisciplinary) research on this topic is needed.     

不同叶龄蘖、穗氮肥组合对粳稻产量及氮素利用的影响

以主茎叶片数不同的粳稻品种吉粳88 (14片)、沈农265 (15片)和沈农1401 (16片)为试材,采用大田筒栽方式,在总施氮量225kghm–2及轻简施肥(基肥、蘖肥、穗肥)模式基础上,设置基蘖肥∶穗肥6∶4和8∶2两种施肥比例,并分设不同源、库叶龄期施氮组合即不同叶龄蘖、穗肥精确施氮组合。分析了不同源库期氮肥运筹模式对水稻农艺性状、产量及氮素利用特性的影响。结果表明:(1)在有效穗数、分化颖花数、产量和氮素利用率方面,吉粳88、沈农265、沈农1401不同氮肥运筹下最佳蘖、穗肥叶龄组合均为6∶4显著高于8∶2。(2)不同氮肥运筹下,吉粳88在8叶(叶龄指数57.1%)、沈农265在9叶(叶龄指数60.0%)、沈农1401在10叶(叶龄指数62.5%)时,即叶龄指数在60%左右时,施用蘖肥效果最佳,最终穗数最多,对保蘖起主要作用;吉粳88在11叶(叶龄指数78.6%)、沈农265在12叶(叶龄指数80.0%)、沈农1401在13叶(叶龄指数81.3%)时,即叶龄指数在80%左右时,施用穗肥效果最佳,最终穗粒数最多,对促花起主要作用。(3)吉粳88-6∶4 (8, 11),沈农265-6∶4 (9, 12),沈农1401-6∶4 (10, 13) 3组处理,在产量、氮素积累量、氮素吸收利用率、农学利用率及偏生产力等方面,显著高于同品种不同叶龄蘖、穗氮肥组合中的其他处理。因此,适当延迟蘖肥施用叶龄期(叶龄指数60%左右)、提前穗肥施用叶龄期(叶龄指数80%左右)同时增加穗肥施用比例,既可以显著提高氮素积累量、氮素吸收利用率、农学利用率及偏生产力,又能显著促进成穗率的提高和颖花数的分化,达到保蘖促花的双重作用,实现优源、扩库、充实的目标,从而获得高产。     

水稻育苗基质可持续利用研究现状及建议对策

水稻育苗基质的可持续利用不仅关乎水稻生产,同时直接关系农业经济发展。辽宁作为北方粳稻主要产区,在当前大力发展水稻工厂化育苗的条件下,开展新型育苗基质的研发、示范与推广,是解决当前水稻育苗可持续利用的有效途径,也是今后水稻生产的发展趋势,     

达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统服务价值评价

生态系统服务功能是生态系统与生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用,对其服务价值进行货币化评价,可以推动自然资源可持续利用,促进区域生态环境保护。以达里诺尔湖湿地为研究对象,结合达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统的结构、特征及其生态过程特点,通过资料搜集与实地调研,运用资源经济学理论和方法,对达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统服务价值进行了划分。构建了达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统服务价值评价指标体系,并对其进行了价值评价。评价结果显示达里诺尔湖湿地的服务价值为93.70×10⁴万元,其中直接使用价值为2.19×10⁴万元,占比为2.36%,间接使用价值为91.51×10⁴万元,占比为97.66%。各项生态系统服务功能中以调节空气湿度价值最大,为82.76×10⁴万元,占总服务价值的88.32%。     

油草混播种类对油菜生产和草地生产性能的影响

为筛选与门源油菜混播效益最高的牧草种类,解决油菜连作障碍问题,提高青藏高原高海拔区土地的生产能力,本研究采用油菜混播箭筈豌豆、青稞和燕麦的方式,分时段取样,探究了油菜混播不同牧草对在不同时段牧草自身生产能力的影响,并通过土地当量比判断各混播组合的优劣。研究表明油菜-燕麦混播处理在7月6日时表现干重最高,单位面积达174.48 g；在7月21日表现为鲜重和鲜干比最高,在8月15日时表现为株高显著高于单作油菜(p＜0.05),较单作油菜高97.02%；鲜重最高,达2817.00 g。在9月11日,油菜-青稞和油菜-燕麦混播处理的株高显著高于单作油菜(p＜0.05),分别较单作油菜高64.33%和99.68%,以油菜-青稞混播处理的干重最高,达589.00 g,较单作油菜处理高147.51%。油菜-箭筈豌豆混播和油菜-燕麦混播有产量优势,油菜-燕麦混播的土地当量比最高,为1.11,土地利用效果最好。