THE ARC-LENGTH METHOD OF SECANT RIGIDITY IN FRAME ANALYSIS

The secant rigidity is used for the are-length method to solve the nonlinear finite elements problems. The advantage of this method is unnecessary of calculating the initial resistance term caused by the incremental step. The computational work is less and the programing is easier as compared with initial are-length method. This method can be widely used to solve nonlinear problems.     

水井酸处理效果预测研究

水井酸处理效果预测一直缺乏成熟的方法。提出了根据水位恢复曲线形态和含水层裂隙特征来预测井的首次酸处理效果，经与石油界所用方法有明显不同。石油界普遍认为，只有不位恢复曲线为快速上翘型的低产碳酸盐岩井才适合酸处理（即基质酸化），但作者近年来发现，多数水位恢复曲线为直线型的低产碳酸盐岩井，即井中含水层裂隙平均宽度＜5mm的井，酸处理效果也很好，被调查3眼这类井的单位涌水量增加值平均为423％；水位恢复曲线为缓慢上翘型的井中，部分含水层裂隙被松散物充填的井，采用特殊的酸处理方法处理后，井的单位涌水量可增加100％。另外，采用适当的方法，使用足够数量的酸进行首次酸处理后，水井再进行酸处理一般效果都很差。     

作物茎秆膨胀收缩监测柔性可穿戴传感器研制与试验

作物茎秆膨胀和收缩变化与其水分状态密切相关,实时监测茎秆的膨胀和收缩变化能够及时掌握作物水分状态,对指导灌溉、提高农业水资源利用率具有重要意义。目前,对于作物茎秆膨胀和收缩变化的监测主要采用基于线性微位移测量原理的传感器,通过测量茎秆的膨胀和收缩引起的位移变化来反映水分状态,存在体积大、价格高、安装不便等问题。为此,该研究提出了一种基于压阻效应的柔性可穿戴传感器,采用柔性压力电极作为传感元件,贴附在作物茎秆表面,通过监测茎秆膨胀和收缩引起的压力变化来反映作物的水分状态,压力检测电路和数据采集电路将作物茎秆的压力信号转换成电信号进行输出和存储。首先在实验室环境下对传感器性能进行测试和标定,然后在温室环境下将传感器安装在番茄茎秆上观测番茄茎秆的压力变化,并与线性微位移传感器观测结果进行比较,最后在充分灌溉和水分亏缺2种条件下观测番茄茎秆的膨胀和收缩变化。结果表明,柔性压力传感器稳定性测试的平均相对变化率为0.109%;弯折前后引起的输出变化非常小,可以忽略不计;标定结果的决定系数大于0.99,最合适的工作压力范围为2～100 kPa;实验室环境下,柔性压力传感器与线性微位移传感器输出值之间的决定系数为0.9551;温室环境下,充分灌溉组中柔性压力传感器与线性微位移传感器输出值变化趋势一致,两者之间的决定系数为0.7672,亏缺灌溉组中两类传感器输出值均因水分亏缺而呈现下降趋势,输出值之间的决定系数为0.8519。本文所设计的柔性可穿戴压力传感器不仅能够实时监测番茄茎秆的膨胀和收缩变化,还可以对番茄亏水胁迫进行诊断,为实现高效节水灌溉提供重要的技术支撑。     

双环直径对土壤入渗速率的影响

双环法是测定土壤入渗速率最为广泛最为经典的方法,但双环直径可能影响土壤入渗速率测定结果,因其为地表积水有压入渗,在坡地上测定时,因整平地表时会产生很大扰动,从而产生测定误差。研究设计5组不同直径的双环入渗试验,分析双环直径对土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、累计入渗量的影响。结果表明:当双环内环直径分别为15,20,25,30cm时,初始入渗速率分别是常规内环直径为35cm双环的88.3%,110.8%,119.9%,100.7%,稳定入渗率分别是54%,73%,85%,89%。对不同时刻入渗速率进行T值检验发现,用内环直径为20,25,30cm双环测定的入渗过程与常用内径为35cm的双环测定土壤入渗过程无显著差异。考虑地表扰动因素、试验需水量等多因素的影响,可用内环直径20cm、外环直径为35cm的双环替代目前常规内环直径为35cm,外环直径为50cm的双环,用于坡地土壤入渗速率测定,可以减少地表扰动,从而准确测定土壤入渗率,又能节约用水量。     

沙地柏根系径级对根土复合体抗剪强度的影响

采用应变控制式直剪仪,通过对含不同沙地柏根系径级的扰动土进行室内直剪试验,分析研究根土复合体的抗剪性能。结果表明沙地柏根系的加入,增强了土体的抗剪强度,且根土复合体的抗剪强度符合库伦定律;当所含根系径级小于某个极限值时,根土复合体的抗剪强度随着径级的增大而增大,当超过这一极限值,则随着所含根系径级的增大,其抗剪强度逐渐减小,随着根系径级的逐步增大,由于根自身抵抗土体剪切变形能力增强,使得根土复合体的抗剪强度值开始回升;一定竖向荷载下,根土截面比△过小,对复合体抗剪性能影响微弱;根土截面比过大,根系与土壤胶结力降低,对抗剪强度产生负影响,因此,存在一个最佳根土截面比,在此比值附近,根土复合体的抗剪强度达到最大。本研究可为沙地柏在作为水土保持树种栽植方面提供理论依据。     

Calculating the contact area of trailer tyres in the field

The spectacular increase in the weight of self-propelled harvesters since the early 1980s also applies to trailed implements such as slurry spreaders, compost spreaders, cutter-blowers and general farm trailers. With axle loads exceeding 10 tonnes/axle (tandem 20 tonnes, tridem 27 tonnes), risks of severe compaction can now be expected, not only in field crops but also in grassland. Calculation tables for accurately evaluating contact surfaces of transport tyre, given their properties, load and inflation pressure, are insufficient at the present time. Equations for traction tyres are not suitable for trailer tyres.To overcome this deficiency, contact areas in the field were recorded on 19 sites, from soft to hard surfaces, using 24 different trailer tyres, with varying loads and inflation pressures. The regression calculations for evaluating the contact area apply to a total of 143 measurements.The dimensions of the tyre (width × unladen diameter), the load on the wheel and the inflation pressure are all highly significant variables for evaluation of the soil contact area. Considering the average residual standard deviation for each regression calculation, the best approximations are achieved by taking into account the tyre structure (cross-ply and radial), the width of tyre for cross-ply tyres and the type of tyre, in the case of a radial tyres (low profile or terra profile).Moreover, contrary to expectations, observations show that with low levels of load, reducing inflation pressure can also reduce the contact area.As regards soil hardness, observations show that there is no direct link between a hard soil and a reduced contact area; this relationship does not appear to be linear. The calculations are considered to be reliable on semi-firm to firm soil, frequently found on temporary grassland or natural grassland (penetration resistance 6.5–25.0 MPa).     

沈阳市天然降雨雨滴特征研究

采用滤纸色斑法对沈阳市天然降雨雨滴进行观测,通过计算并运用回归分析对沈阳地区天然降雨雨滴特性进行研究。结果表明:沈阳地区天然降雨雨滴的大小分布遵守Best函数分布式;雨滴中数直径及降雨动能同降雨强度关系显著,呈幂函数关系。     

Characterizing Spatial Variability of Soil Textural Fractions and Fractal Parameters Derived from Particle Size Distributions

Soil particle size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental physical property affecting other soil properties. Characterizing spatial variability of soil texture is very important in environmental research. The objectives of this work were: 1) to partition PSD of 75 soil samples, collected from a flat field in the University of Guilan, Iran, into two scaling domains using a piecewise fractal model to evaluate the relationships between fractal dimensions of scaling domains and soil clay, silt, and sand fractions and 2) to assess the potential of fractal parameters as an index used in a geostatistical approach reflecting the spatial variability of soil texture. Features of PSD of soil samples were studied using fractal geometry, and geostatistical techniques were used to characterize the spatial variability of fractal and soil textural parameters. There were two scaling domains for the PSD of soil samples. The fractal dimensions of these two scaling domains (D₁ and D₂) were then used to characterize different ranges of soil particle sizes and their relationships to the soil textural parameters. There was a positive correlation between D₁ and clay content (R² = 0.924), a negative correlation between D₁ and silt content (R² = 0.801), and a negative correlation between D₂ and sand content (R² = 0.913). The geometric mean diameter of soil particles had a negative correlation with D₁ (R² = 0.569) and D₂ (R² = 0.682). Semivariograms of fractal dimensions and soil textural parameters were calculated and the maps of spatial variation of D₁ and D₂ and soil PSD parameters were provided using ordinary kriging. The results showed that there were also spatial correlations between D₁ and D₂ and particle size fractions. According to the semivariogram models and validation parameters, the fractal parameters had powerful spatial structure and could better describe the spatial variability of soil texture.     

等高反坡阶对滇中云南松林乔木层碳储量及碳增量分配格局的影响

通过标准地调查和生物量实测相结合的方法,对布设等高反坡阶后滇中云南松林乔木层碳含量、生物量、碳储量及分配特征进行了估算,并分析了8年后各器官碳增量及分配格局特征。结果表明:布设等高反坡阶后云南松各器官碳含量变幅为41.01%～47.35%,平均碳含量高低排列依次为干叶枝皮粗根中根细根。10～15龄的云南松林在布设等高反坡阶后地上部分总生物量比对照高32.75%,等高反坡阶显著提高了10～15龄和15～30龄地下部分生物量(30.73%和35.71%),总生物量随着龄组的增加而显著增加。等高反坡阶显著提高了10～15龄云南松林地上部分碳储量(32.79%)和15～30龄地下部分碳储量(35.60%);布设等高反坡阶8年后显著增加了10～15龄、15～30龄地上部分碳增量(53.33%和20.45%)和地下部分碳增量(53.70%和73.43%)。综上,人工造林时应对等高反坡阶予以高度关注,适度发展等高反坡阶措施,在等高反坡阶基础上因地制宜地进行人工造林,增加山地造林面积和植被碳储量,从而保护当地生态环境。