设施蔬菜生产节水灌溉制度研究现状及发展趋势

该文论述了节水灌溉对蔬菜生长发育的影响,评价了目前设施蔬菜生产过程中各种灌溉方式的特点和存在的问题。文中分析了设施栽培的耗水特点,指出一个良好的适于设施栽培的灌溉系统应具备的条件,在此基础上提出了对建立蔬菜生产优化灌溉制度的途径,并进行了初步的可行性分析。     

重庆三峡脆弱带生态农业发展模式与机制研究

针对重庆三峡库区生态脆弱性和人口、资源、环境、经济等特征,探寻在生态敏感脆弱带及经济欠发达地区的生态农业发展模式,并且剖析了如何利用各种政策,有效引导、激励、调控等经济发展行为以及技术进步机制、制度创新机制、农户参与机制等推动库区生态农业可持续发展的有效途径。通过以上分析,以期探索出具有创新性的思路和方法,找出重庆三峡库区生态农业可持续发展的新路。     

温室长季节栽培番茄发育动态模拟模型的研究

根据番茄生物学特性、发育阶段有效积温恒定的原理和多年的栽培经验,对温室长季节栽培番茄的发育阶段进行划分,其生长发育阶段包括播种期、幼苗期、开花座果期、果实膨大期、果实采收初期、果实采收盛期和果实采收末期.将不同播期各生育阶段的生长度日的平均值确定为建模过程中的参数Ai自幼苗期至果实采收末期分别为710.5、110.5、152.3、302.9、245.6、2156.7、200.5度日.确定了发育阶段有效积温参数后,建立了温室番茄长季节栽培的发育动态模拟模型,系统的预测番茄发育阶段.模型检验结果表明,温室番茄发育动态模拟模型具有较高的精确性、机理性和实用性.     

脆弱生态区综合治理模式研究

脆弱生态区作为人地系统的一种地域类型,是自然特质较为敏感的不稳定区域,因区域环境生态退化导致的资源性贫困,使地区社会长期陷入了PPE怪圈的桎梏当中。如何使脆弱生态区走出发展困顿,迈向人与自然和谐的可持续发展之路,是当今社会反贫困研究和生态综合治理研究的中心所在。文章通过对脆弱生态区人地关系矛盾的机理研究,在综合分析脆弱生态自然与社会经济现状基础上,应用景观生态学原理提出了生态综合治理模式;并依据产业经济学及产业生态的理论,运用结构对应分析方法,构建了生态产业化的结构框架与组织路线。在此基础上,依照市场经济规律的客观要求,探讨了脆弱生态区综合治理模式推广的技术路线及其保障体系。     

三峡库区庭院生态模式及其效益分析

三峡库区生态环境脆弱，人地矛盾突出，农业经济发展水平不高。因此，探索一种适合三峡库区农村实际，可以防止水土流失，有利于生态环境保护和人民生活水平提高的庭院生态模式尤为迫切。以农业庭院生产为例，结合库区农业、农村发展实际，在分析庭院经济发展条件和影响因子的基础上，提出了建立在不同技术基础上的庭院经济发展模式，探讨了庭院生态模式所产生的生态、经济和社会效益，并提出了行之有效的建议。     

Validating the use of Cs measurements to estimate rates of soil redistribution by wind

Wind erosion has degraded over one-half billion hectares of land worldwide. ¹³⁷Cesium (¹³⁷Cs) has been used as a tracer to study long-term rates of soil redistribution by water and, to a lesser extent, by wind. Early studies assumed that the decline in ¹³⁷Cs activity for a potentially eroded soil relative to that for an uneroded soil was linearly proportional to soil loss. More recently, models have emerged that consider the effects of soil cultivation and the particle surface area-dependent partitioning of ¹³⁷Cs on soils. We investigated the partitioning of ¹³⁷Cs in wind-eroded sediments and with soil surface samples sieved into contiguous ranges of particle sizes. We also compared the ¹³⁷Cs activities and stratification of several adjacent soils with known wind erosion and deposition histories. Finally, we tested ¹³⁷Cs-based soil loss models with measured data from sites with documented histories. ¹³⁷Cs activities and mean particle diameters of aeolian samples agreed well with the ¹³⁷Cs activities and respective mean diameters of the sieved surface soil samples. Good agreement between model estimations and measured data indicated that ¹³⁷Cs models developed to estimate soil redistribution by water were also applicable to soil redistribution by wind provided that the models contained an appropriate particle size correction parameter.     

Simulating management effects on crop production, tile drainage, and water quality using RZWQM-DSSAT

The objective of this study was to explore if more crop-specific plant growth modules can improve simulations of crop yields, and N in tile flow under different management practices compared with a generic plant growth module. We calibrated and evaluated the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) with the Decision Support for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT v3.5) plant growth modules (RZWQM-DSSAT) for simulating tillage (NT — no till, RT — ridge till, CP — chisel plow, and MP — moldboard plow), crop rotation {CC — continuous corn, and CS — corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]}, and nitrogen (N) (SA — single application at preplant, and LSNT — late spring soil N test based application) and manure (SM — fall injected swine manure) management effects on crop production and water quality. Data from 1978 to 2003 from a water quality experiment near Nashua (Nashua experiments), Iowa, USA, were used. The model was calibrated using data from one treatment plot and validated for the rest of the plots. Simulated management effects on annual N loading in tile flow were agreeable with measured effects in 85%, 99%, 88%, and 78% of the cases for tillage, crop rotation (CS vs. CC), N application timing (SA vs. LSNT), and swine manure applications (SM vs. SA), respectively. On average, the LSNT plots were simulated to have 359 kg ha^− 1 higher corn yield compared to SA, when the observed increase was 812 kg ha^− 1. Grain yield simulations were not sensitive to differences between RT and NT, between SM and SA treatments, and between CS and CC. We conclude that considering the uncertainties of basic input data, processes in the field, and lack of site specific weather data, the results obtained with this RZWQM-DSSAT hybrid model were not much better than the results obtained earlier with the generic crop growth module.     

基于MADYMO的乘员正面碰撞侧约束系统模型的建立

利用先进的汽车碰撞安全性模拟的软件MADYMO建立正面碰撞模型(乘员侧)。模型的响应与加速度滑台试验的结果基本一致,包括大腿力、腰带力、肩带力、颈部力(FX,FZ)、颈部弯矩(MY)、胸部位移,以及髋部、胸部、头部的加速度的响应。介绍了利用MADYMO软件建立正面碰撞侧约束模型的一般过程,以及仿真与实验结果的比较。     

个性化推荐攻击检测模型研究

协同过滤是最核心、最典型的个性化推荐技术,广泛应用于电子商务,但其推荐结果对用户偏好信息的敏感性使得推荐系统易受到人为攻击,电子商务推荐安全成为个性化推荐能否成功应用的关键。作者先简要介绍了个性化推荐及推荐攻击的基本概念;而后分析比较了各种攻击检测模型。     

水稻拔节期和抽穗期低温对稻米品质影响

【目的】为了探讨低温冷害对水稻品质的影响,以便为气候变化背景下辽宁地区水稻的高效栽培和品质认证提供理论依据。【方法】以水稻90-35为供试品种,分别于拔节期和抽穗期通过TRP-1000D型人工智能气候箱进行不同低温处理(比外界低5℃和低3℃,均持续5 d),以正常栽培管理作对照,5个处理,分别记为CK、A1、A2、B1、B2,分析拔节期和抽穗期不同等级低温胁迫处理对水稻的营养品质、研磨品质和外观品质的影响。【结果】低温胁迫下90-35水稻的蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量较CK显著增加,处理A1、A2、B1、B2的蛋白质含量分别比CK增加3.45%、1.15%、6.90%、8.05%,除处理B1外直链淀粉含量分别比CK增加1.75%、0.44%、0.44%;脂肪酸含量和精米率较CK显著减少,处理A1、A2、B1、B2的脂肪酸含量分别比CK减少17.75%、7.5%、25%、11%,精米率分别比CK减少2.1%、6.95%、0.22%、7.5%。拔节期低温胁迫下糙米率和垩白粒率显著减少,处理A1、A2的糙米率分别比CK减少0.73%、1.09%,垩白粒率分别比CK减少33.3%、22.2%;抽雄期低温胁迫下糙米率和垩白粒率显著增加,处理B1、B2的的糙米率分别比CK增加0.6%、3.02%,垩白粒率分别比CK增加255.6%、133.3%,即低温胁迫使其营养品质和研磨品质中的精米率受到负面影响,而拔节期适当低温胁迫处理对其研磨品质中的糙米率和外观品质有益。【结论】水稻90-35在不同生育时期经受不同低温胁迫处理后,水稻的营养品质、研磨品质和外观品质均受到不同程度的影响。