浅表地块着色处理作为可视化诊断标准在农业管理中的应用

Soil management matters in semiarid lands are key to have acceptable yields and to preserve diversity. After the major agricultural intensification underwent in the semiarid lands of Monegros, NE Spain, custom tailored tools are needed to reconcile agriculture with habitats conservation. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effect of soil properties of two distinctly colored soils, white patches （WP） and dark patches （DP）, dominant in the arid landscape of the central Ebro Basin, Spain on winter cereal grain yield and to prove that superficial soil color could be used as a visual diagnostic criterion for evaluation of agricultural practices in arid lands. Significant differences between WP and DP soils were found in gypsum, carbonate contents, available water holding capacity and infiltration rate. The grain yield ranged from 51 to 5 713 kg ha-1. Significantly lower yields （P 〈 0.01） and precipitation-use efficiency （P 〈 0.05） were attained in the WP soils for the three seasons studied. This difference increased with the average rainfall due to the significantly lower soil water infiltration （P 〈 0.01） and water holding capacity （P 〈 0.05） found in the gypseous soils. Our results show that mapping the soil surface color at farm scale can be a low=cost tool for optimizing agricultural practices and recovering the natural vegetation. This approach can be advantageous in similar arid or semiarid environments around the world.     

脱硫石膏刨花板制造工艺的初步研究

脱硫石膏为燃煤电厂烟气脱硫处理的一种化学副产物。本文分析讨论了脱硫石膏的性能及其与木材刨花混合制造石膏刨花板的可行性,初步探讨了脱硫石膏刨花板的制造工艺。结果表明,脱硫石膏用于制造石膏刨花板完全可行,其性能优于天然石膏生产的石膏刨花板,以木膏比０．１８生产的石膏刨花板材的各项性能均优于木膏比０．２２生产的板材。     

不同改良剂与石膏配施对滨海盐渍土的改良效果研究

针对江苏省滨海盐渍土的特点,采用4种土壤改良剂,通过改良剂单施和改良剂与石膏配施试验,分析测定了施用这些改良剂后的土壤含盐量和pH值,并测定了作物产量,筛选出适宜于滨海盐渍土的最佳改良剂及组合。试验结果表明,腐殖酸改良滨海盐渍土效果最好,经腐殖酸(300kg/hm2)处理后,0—5,5—20和20—40cm土层盐分含量相对降低量分别为38.2%,24.5%和13.9%。石膏能显著降低土壤盐分含量和提高作物产量,经石膏(300kg/hm2)处理后,0—5,5—20和20—40cm土层盐分含量相对降低量分别为18.8%,13.0%和4.9%,油菜较对照增产6.1%。腐殖酸与石膏配施是滨海盐渍土适宜的改良剂组合,腐殖酸(300kg/hm2)与石膏(300kg/hm2)配施,可使0—5,5—20和20—40cm土层盐分含量相对降低量分别达45.1%,38.9%和25.7%,使油菜较对照增产18.6%。     

不同接触和淋洗时间下脱硫石膏对滨海吹填土理化性质的影响

为改善滨海吹填土的理化性质,加快提升吹填土在城市生态建设中的土地价值,开展脱硫石膏不同接触时间处理对滨海吹填土理化性质影响的试验研究。结果表明:滨海吹填土导水能力极弱,在整个淋洗过程中始终没有淋出液排出,2,5,10,50d脱硫石膏接触处理后土壤饱和导水率分别达到6.21,7.20,7.20,7.65mm/h,显著提升了滨海吹填土的导水能力。2,5,10,50d石膏接触处理分别经220,116,116,196h淋洗后,淋出液盐分均达到0.5dS/m以下,淋洗用水量分别为5.16,3.85,4.21,4.95L。淋洗后,土壤含盐量由处理前6.98dS/m下降到0.28～0.36dS/m,土壤中Cl-、Na+浓度分别由处理前的9.03,4.85g/kg下降到0.05～0.34g/kg和0.01～0.04g/kg,土壤钠吸附比(SAR)以及土壤碱化度(ESP)分别由处理前的27.89和28.15下降到0.18～0.8和0.02～0.28,已经为非碱化土,土壤的各理化指标均得到明显改善。综合各种因素与指标,脱硫石膏与吹填土5d接触处理效果最佳。     

硫酸法钛石膏作为土壤调理剂在油菜上的施用效果研究

为研究钛白粉生产过程中经无害化处理的副产品钛石膏作为土壤调理剂的施用效果及安全性,试验对供试钛石膏通过成分鉴定—土柱淋溶—盆栽种植的方式,研究了钛石膏和钛石膏淋溶液中的有害元素含量以及钛石膏与土壤不同比例掺混后对油菜生长、产量和功能叶光合速率影响。结果表明:钛石膏主要成分为CaSO_4和Fe_2O_3,固体中的重金属含量均符合国家安全标准。钛石膏淋溶液中含有较少量的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+),不含其他有害物质,施用后不会随雨水和灌溉污染土壤和地下水。随着钛石膏添加比例的增加,油菜产量呈先增高后降低的趋势,过量的钛石膏施用会抑制油菜的生长。钛石膏与土壤按照1∶4体积比混合施用后效果最好,与常规土壤栽培方式相比,油菜出苗20天后功能叶蒸腾速率提高了11.86%;出苗30天后功能叶SPAD值增加了4.33%,收获时油菜株高提高了12.97%,产量增加了14.08%。相关性分析显示,油菜产量(y)与钛石膏添加比例(x)的关系为y=0.0001x~3-0.0212x~2+0.6966x+41.815(R~2=0.999 4),综合考虑函数及其他因素,在实际生产中若每公顷施用300t的钛石膏能起到最佳增产效果。     

Plant Availability of Sulfur Added to Finished Fertilizers

As single superphosphate availability decreases due to closure of aging manufacturing plants increasing attention is being paid to alternative phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) sources. This glasshouse study, conducted under non-leaching conditions was undertaken to evaluate the S supplying capacity of gypsum, S bentonite, elemental S (ES) and a range of P containing fertilizers and those where ES was added as a coating or incorporated. The magnitude of crop response in terms of shoot biomass to applied S fertilizer sources followed the order of sulfates > powdered ES > coated/incorporated ES > S/bentonite. These results indicate that fertilizers containing a mixture of sulfate and micronized ES (<75 µm), either incorporated within the granule or coated onto the fertilizer are agronomically effective. The results also suggest that local S coating of finished fertilizers is a feasible alternative to S incorporation undertaken at a central fertilizer plant.     

磷石膏改良剂对土壤水分扩散率的影响

以靖远(A)、瓜州(B)、金昌(C)和新疆(D)4个区域盐渍化土壤为对象,采用水平土柱入渗法,探讨磷石膏盐碱土改良剂不同用量(0、6 000、12 000 kg·hm~(-2))对湿润峰移动平均速率和土壤水分扩散率的影响。结果表明:不同用量磷石膏盐碱土改良剂对4种盐渍化土壤水分扩散率影响不同。对于A、B、D 3个区域盐渍化土壤,改良剂用量为6 000 kg·hm~(-2)以下时,对土壤水分传输潜在能力有促进作用;当改良剂用量超过6 000 kg·hm~(-2)时,改良剂对土壤水分传输潜在能力有抑制作用。而对于C区域盐渍化土壤,随着改良剂用量的增加,对水分传输潜在能力有明显的促进作用,这说明改良剂对C区域盐渍化土壤作用效果明显。     

普通硅酸盐水泥对石膏基混合胶结材的改性研究

石膏因其耐水性差，强度较低限制了它的应用。采用掺入普通硅酸盐水泥来改善其不足是一种简单，经济实用的方式。本文叙述了在石膏中掺入的普通硅酸盐水泥量不同时，石膏基混合胶结材的强度变化及其耐水性变化等，并探讨了其内在的发展规律。     

Improving the physical properties of soil from the Biancana Badlands, Tuscany, Italy, by use of amendment materials

Abstract. Weakly weathered clay bedrock and samples of A horizon of a developed Biancana soil were incubated with compost or green manure in the presence of two physical forms of gypsum: one mined and ground and the other from flue-gas desulphurization (FGDG). The gypsum efficiency was evaluated in combination with two organic polymers: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylamide. Compost and green manure increased permeability only in the presence of gypsum. The FGDG was more effective than the mined gypsum, alone or in combination with PVA.     

皂脚废水治理技术研究

本研究将日用化工厂碱性皂脚废水经预处理后,用泵打入工业锅炉湿式除尘系统进行烟气脱硫除尘,流出废水经动态微孔过滤后循环回用.该治理工艺采用以废治废,综合利用的方法治理皂脚废水,既消除了污染又节约了大量水资源,取得了较好的环境效益和经济效益.