脱硫石膏配施不同量有机物料对盐碱土壤改良效果及作物产量的影响

以新疆玛纳斯河流域石河子绿洲盐碱地为研究对象,研究滴灌条件下脱硫石膏与不同量有机物料配施对盐碱土壤改良效果及作物产量的影响。采用微区试验方法,以单施脱硫石膏为对照（CK 1 000 kg·666.7m^-2）,设计了3种施用量有机物料配施处理：A(1 000 kg·666.7m^-2+25 kg·666.7m^-2)、B(1 000 kg·666.7m^-2+50 kg·666.7m^-2)、C(1 000 kg·666.7m^-2+100 kg·666.7m^-2)。结果表明：脱硫石膏与有机物料配施均显著降低耕层土壤pH值和电导率,增加土壤孔隙度;3个处理0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤中大团聚体分别较对照增加了9.96%、20.23%、33.50%和7.37%、20.54%、24.90%;耕层土壤中Na⁺的含量显著降低,Mg²⁺的含量显著增加;棉花籽棉产量分别较对照增加了5.77%、12.45%、17.96%。从农业生产的产投比考虑,综合土壤改良效果,脱硫石膏1 000 kg·666.7m^-2+有机物料50 kg·666.7m^-2配施模式效果较好。     

微咸水入渗下施加石膏对盐碱土水分运动特征的影响

基于一维垂直土柱积水入渗和水平土柱吸渗试验,研究了微咸水入渗条件下,石膏施量(0,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6kg/m~2)对盐碱土入渗特性及水动力参数的影响。结果表明:(1)微咸水入渗条件下,施加石膏能够降低土壤入渗速率,增加土壤保水性能;随石膏施量的增大,Philip入渗模型吸渗率S逐渐减小并趋于稳定。(2)随着石膏施量的增加,饱和体积含水率增加,而饱和导水率减小,其变化均符合二项式关系。(3)van Genuchten模型参数α值随着石膏施量的增加而减小,而土壤水分特征曲线指数n值增大。(4)土壤水分扩散率随着石膏施量的增加而递减,当石膏施量0.4kg/m~2时,土壤水分扩散率趋于稳定。施加石膏能够改善微咸水在盐碱土中的水分运动特性,提高微咸水利用率。     

Influence of Laboratory Methods on Calcareous Saline Soils for EC Measurement and Leaching

Abstract

Electrical conductivity (EC) methods were tested using combinations of surrogate irrigation (SI) waters, soil salinity levels, and soils ground or retaining aggregates. The EC varied in low-salinity soils saturated with SI; the sum of the baseline EC_e and SI EC were not equal to the measured EC. The baseline EC_e and the SI EC sum in the high‐salinity ground soils were not equal to the any measured ECs. Salt‐removal potential from gypsiferous soils was examined using multiple extractions from the same soil sample. Calcium concentrations remained consistent over 14 extractions, whereas Na concentrations decreased. The EC_e decreased from more than 8 dS m^?1 in the initial extraction, to approximately 4 dS m^?1 by the 9th to 14th extraction. Multiple extraction data suggest that improved leaching will not lower soil ECs to less than approximately 4 dS m^?1 because of gypsum and calcite reservoirs in the tested soils.     

脱硫石膏与灌溉耦合对滨海盐碱土化学性质的影响

脱硫石膏(CaSO4.2H2O)是火力发电厂石膏湿法烟气脱硫的副产物。对盐碱地施用脱硫石膏可以通过Ca2+置换盐土中的Na+,达到脱盐目的。通过盆栽试验研究天津滨海盐土施用脱硫石膏并配合灌溉淋洗改良盐碱土的效果。结果表明:对于表层土壤(0-10cm),施用脱硫石膏对Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+、Cl-、SO24-离子含量有显著降低作用。10cm以下土壤,脱硫石膏的脱盐能力与施用量呈正相关。脱硫石膏与灌溉耦合时,脱硫石膏施用量为3 000kg/hm2以上时改良效果较好。随着脱硫石膏施用量的增加不但降低了土壤Na+含量与土壤pH值,对灌溉量的需求也有所降低。灌溉量为田间持水量的80%时脱硫石膏对土壤Ca2+、Mg2+与K+的降低作用与CK相比差异最显著。脱硫石膏施用量的增加提高了土壤全盐量,但随灌溉量增加这种影响逐渐降低。     

Kinetics analysis of oxidation process of calcium sulfite in flue gas desulfurization technology

The oxidation of calcium sulfite directly affect the final rate of flue gas desulfurization, but the study on the expression of oxidation rate is still in a dispute. Ferrous catalytic oxidation kinetics of calcium sulfite has been studied with experiments in the oxidation stimulant which is 1.2 m diameter and 1.2 m height. The reaction order of bisulfite ion, ferrous ion and dissolved oxygen were 1, 0.5 and 0 respectively, and the activation energy was 54.52 kJ·mol-1. A kinetic model for the oxidation process of flue gas desulfurization technology has also been set up based on the Fick law and double film theory. Reaction order of bisulfite ion, ferrous ion and dissolved oxygen were 1, 0.5 and 0, and the activation energy was 53.85 kJ·mol-1. With the results of experiment and model, the precision of the model is high with relative error of 1.22%.     

Gypsum amendment improves native grass establishment on saline-alkali soils in northeast China

Abstract. Soil salinity and alkalinity reduce plant production and alter species composition of meadow grasslands in western Jilin Province, China. This study was designed to compare the survival and growth of three grass species ( Aneumlepidium chinense, Puccinellia tenuijlora and Hordeum brevisubulatum ) transplanted into saline-alkali soils in the field, and to evaluate the effects of gypsum amendments on soil properties and growth of these species. Gypsum treatments decreased soil pH, electrical conductivity, and chloride and sodium levels; water infiltration and calcium levels were increased. Survival of grass transplants was increased by gypsum treatments. Tiller number and height, and grass yields were all increased by the application of gypsum. Improvements in plant growth and survival with gypsum treatment appeared to be due to reduced chloride levels and increased Ca availability in the soil, and to changes in soil structure leading to improved infiltration rates. Revegetation of salinelalkaline soils in this region would be improved by application of gypsum in the range of 14–19 t/ha.     

Reclamation and salt leaching efficiency for tile drained saline‐sodic soil using marginal quality water for irrigating rice and wheat crops

Due to increased population and urbanization, freshwater demand for domestic purposes has increased resulting in a smaller proportion for irrigation of crops. We carried out a 3‐year field experiment in the Indus Plains of Pakistan on salt‐affected soil (EC_e 15·67–23·96 dS m⁻¹, pH_s 8·35–8·93, SAR 70–120, infiltration rate 0·72–0·78 cm h⁻¹, ρ _b 1·70–1·80 Mg m⁻³) having tile drainage in place. The 3‐year cropping sequence consisted of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops in rotation. These crops were irrigated with groundwater having electrical conductivity (EC) 2·7 dS m⁻¹, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 8·0 (mmol L⁻¹)^1/2 and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) 1·3 mmol_c L⁻¹. Treatments were: (1) irrigation with brackish water without amendment (control); (2) Sesbania (Sesbania aculeata) green manure each year before rice (SM); (3) applied gypsum at 100 per cent soil gypsum requirement (SGR) and (4) applied gypsum as in treatment 3 plus sesbania green manure each year (GSM). A decrease in soil salinity and sodicity and favourable infiltration rate and bulk density over pre‐experiment levels are recorded. GSM resulted in the largest decrease in soil salinity and sodicity. There was a positive relationship between crop yield and economic benefits and improvement in soil physical and chemical properties. On the basis of six crops, the greatest net benefit was obtained from GSM. Based on this long‐term study, combined use of gypsum at 100 per cent soil gypsum requirement along with sesbania each year is recommended for soil amelioration and crop production. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

污灌条件下土壤碱度和石膏应用对重金属元素动态行为的影响

采用室内土柱淋洗试验方法,研究了污水灌溉条件下土壤碱度和石膏应用对土壤中重金属元素动态变化的影响。结果显示,Fe元素在土壤中累积,但它在碱性土壤中的累积程度大于在非碱性土壤或石膏应用后的碱性土壤中的累积程度。Mn和Zn元素在碱性土壤中累积而在非碱性土壤或石膏应用后的碱性土壤中淋溶。Cu元素在非碱性土壤中累积而在碱性土壤(不论石膏应用与否)中淋溶。Ni元素在所有土壤条件下均产生淋溶,但石膏的应用增大了Ni元素的淋溶程度。土壤碱度以及石膏在碱性土壤中的应用明显地改变了重金属元素的动态行为。某些重金属元素在土壤中的累积不会影响试验用污水的较长期灌溉使用。     

脱硫石膏在碱土改良中的无机固碳作用

脱硫石膏溶解产生的Ca2+会和土壤中含碳的阴离子（CO32-、HCO3-）反应，最终将CO2吸收并固定为土壤无机碳。脱硫石膏在碱土改良中的无机固碳作用对实现“碳中和”具有重要意义。以新疆阜康三工河流域的荒漠碱土为研究对象，以脱硫石膏为钙源物对0~20 cm土层进行改良。探究不同时间0~40 t?hm-2脱硫石膏施用量下土壤无机碳（SIC）和土壤无机碳密度（SICD）的变化，从而研究碱土改良中的无机固碳作用。结果表明：施用脱硫石膏能显著减轻土壤碱害（pH下降），增加土壤盐分同时具有无机固碳效果（SIC和SICD上升）（P < 0.05）。脱硫石膏最佳施用量为30 t?hm-2，此时改良土层pH降至最低（8.24）。改良后0~46d SIC含量相较对照组增加0.93 g?kg-1，SICD增加0.29 kg?m-2（即CO2固定量为1.06 kg?m-2）。改良过程中，脱硫石膏施用量与SIC、SO42-和Ca2+呈显著正相关（P < 0.05），与pH、CO32-、HCO3-和Na+呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）。气候因子对土壤无机固碳存在影响，增大相对湿度和降水量会抑制SIC含量和SICD增加，而增大风速、温度和太阳总辐射则有促进作用。研究结果为施用脱硫石膏改良碱土能增加土壤固碳潜力提供了直接证据。