内蒙古典型草原地区常见植物光合、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的比较研究

在所测78种植物中，光合(Ph)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)的平均值，分别以反枝苋、藜和西伯利亚滨藜最高。在不同分类系统中，Ph、Tr和WUE个指标，C4植物大于C3植物；双子叶植物通常大于单子叶植物；藜科植物高于其他科植物；1—2年生草本高于其他生活型植物；撂荒地植物一般高于其他植被类型的植物。方差分析表明，光合速率的差异显著性水平在各分类系统中均高于蒸腾速率和水分利用效率。     

Effects of Land Use and Wildfires on the Habitat Selection of Great Bustard (Otis tarda l.)—Implications for Species Conservation

Increasing agricultural activities have been shown to affect soil and vegetation changes leading to serious biodiversity declines throughout the world. These effects are amplified in dry grassland areas, where resulting changes in habitat structure affect threatened animals on long temporal scales. Great bustards (Otis tarda) inhabit open landscapes where fire and grazing have been a part of the natural disturbance regime since historical times. Even fire and grazing are hypothesized to be important factors in the lifecycle of the species, studies are still missing on disturbance‐related lekking distribution patterns of great bustards. We analyzed the importance of fires and grazing on the spatial distribution of lekking bustards controlling for habitat types, habitat diversity, distance from roads and social effects. Our standardized dataset spanned 31 years, being one of the largest datasets on bustard lekking. During the 31 years we observed 10 118 individuals at 639 observation points in Hortobágy National Park, East‐Hungary. One of the most important predictors for total number of birds and number of males was the area burnt in previous years. We found that increased habitat diversity had a positive effect on female numbers. Models fit on second‐ and third‐year burn data detected no substantial role of burning on lekking distribution. Our results suggest that introduction of a patch‐burning management system in lekking areas could increase the availability of optimal lek sites for bustards. As an effective management tool, we suggest applying patch‐burning annually in a spatially mosaic structure inside the area occupied by each sub‐population unit. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风沙区煤炭开采对土壤物理性质和结皮的影响

[目的]为了准确了解煤炭开采对脆弱生态环境造成的影响。[方法]通过样地调查和室内分析,对毛乌素风沙区超大工作面煤炭开采当年和3a后的土壤物理性质和结皮情况进行分析。[结果]开切点土壤物理性质受到采矿的影响强于开采面,开采面土壤的修复能力优于开切点,且采煤对土壤物理性质的影响3a后仍未消除;各采样点的土壤温度不仅与对照存在差异性(p0.05),而且各土壤温度在空间和时间跨度上也存在差异性(p0.05);20cm处的土壤容重、孔隙度和含水率与土壤温度均存在负相关,含水率与土壤温度存在显著负相关(p0.05);结皮的厚度和覆盖度受到采煤的影响,结皮含水率和结皮持水能力在3a内均未恢复到采煤前。[结论]风沙区超大工作面采煤对土壤物理性质和结皮会造成破坏,且在无人为干扰的情况下土壤将进行自我修复,但3a的修复效果与对照组仍存在一定差异。     

河西走廊盐渍化沙区综合治理模式研究

针对河西盐渍化沙区的特点,在沙区采用沙障固定流沙、封沙育林育草、营造固沙阻沙林、建立防护林带的固、封、阻、带结合的沙区治理模式,在盐渍化区采用物理改良措施、种植耐盐植物生物改良措施、发展畜牧养地改碱的改、种、养结合的盐渍化土地治理模式,使沙区盐渍化土地综合治理取得显著的生态、经济效益。     

Differentiation of soil fauna in desert agriculture of the Mariut region

Summary The soil fauna of 23 sites in the Mariut region, west of Alexandria, Egypt, was sampled monthly or seasonally for periods of 1,5–2.5 years. These sites range from unutilized littoral sand dunes, to free-grazing pasture, to low- and high-intensity dry farming, to irrigated agriculture. The average population densities of the encountered taxa were compared by corresponding analysis and by ascending hierarchic classification. With intensification of the agricultural practices, true detritivores of the original system, capable of dealing with the available plant and animal litter and adapted to the harsh desert climate, are replaced by other mesic detritivores adapted to the changes in litter quality (less animal and more plant) and also adapted to the new physical and chemical soil conditions. Meanwhile, the increase in plant biomass encourages the appearance and proliferation of cryptic phytophages (agricultural pests), occupying the niche of the removed large (domestic) herbivores. Carnivores (e.g.Carabidae) also change accordingly. Sites can thus be characterized on the basis of their soil faunas, according to the stage of their evolution, and a system of exchange of missing key taxa between sites should be established.     

菊芋在民勤干旱沙区种植试验研究

2007年通过在民勤干旱沙区进行菊芋种植试验,结果表明:菊芋具有极强的抗旱抗逆能力、固沙和抗风沙能力、繁殖力强等生态适应性,在适宜的条件下,种植后不需灌水即可正常生长,而且生长量大、长势好,是优良的生态经济型防风固沙植物.因此,菊芋适宜在干旱、半干旱沙漠化地区推广种植.     

民勤荒漠草地退化原因及治理对策

介绍了民勤荒漠草地资源和草地退化现状,分析了导致荒漠草地植物组成变劣,草地生产力下降,草地生境日趋荒漠化等退化原因是由自然因素和人为因素综合引起的,有针对性地提出了民勤荒漠草地应采取加强行政措施和强化技术措施相结合的治理对策.     

库布齐沙漠不同地表类型沙粒粒径分析

通过对库布齐沙漠夜鸣沙沙物质、库布齐沙漠穿沙公路两侧沙障内沙物质、银肯响沙的沙物质、响沙湾附近新月形沙丘沙物质以及响沙湾附近固定沙丘沙物质各粒级颗粒的百分含量进行对比分析研究,得出以下结论：（1）夜鸣沙的的粒径均一,分选良好,其中细沙占95.72%,这是夜明沙在夜晚自鸣的主要原因;（2）银肯响沙的细沙占89.54%,比...     

青土湖水面形成过程对荒漠植物多样性的影响

[目的]分析青土湖输水过程对荒漠植物种多样性影响,为青土湖输水后的生态功能分析提供参考。[方法]通过4a的定位观测数据计算,分析青土湖岸植物种的多样性以及植物种的时间与空间变化及其与地下水位关系。[结果]距水面200m范围的植物种数量减少,其中距水面0m的植物种减少最多,100m处物种变化最少。Shannon-Weiner,Pielou指数和Simpson指数变化趋势相似,丰富度和多样性减小,均匀度和优势度增大;其中植物种优势度变化相对较大,且空间变化速率大于时间变化率,但Cody指数的时间变化率大于空间变化速率。[结论]青土湖输水促使植物种及其多样性以水源为中心呈带状变化,形成特征植物圈,且随地下水位上升变化程度增大。     

乌兰布和沙漠东北部不同下垫面的小气候变化特征

研究沙区不同下垫面小气候特征对充分利用气候资源及保证林业和农业的正常发展具有实践意义。该研究基于内蒙古磴口荒漠生态系统国家定位观测研究站2018年1-12月监测的荒漠区、荒漠-绿洲过渡带和绿洲内部的气温、相对湿度、风速和风向等气象资料,研究了3种下垫面的小气候特征并探讨了产生差异的原因。结果表明:1)荒漠区、荒漠-绿洲过渡带和绿洲内均为白天气温差异较小,夜间相差较大;由于近地层(0～50m)具有明显的逆温现象,使得植被在气温较高季节发挥降温增湿作用,而冬季发挥保温作用;2)绿洲使年均相对湿度增加1.31～2.57个百分点;就季节而言,夏、秋季,绿洲内的相对湿度较荒漠区和过渡带分别高4.04～6.17和0.93～1.94个百分点,春、冬季,由于近地层(0～50 m)存在明显的逆湿现象,因此绿洲内的相对湿度较荒漠区和过渡带分别低0.37～1.41和6.55～8.71个百分点;3)荒漠区、过渡带和绿洲内风向年变化特征均为以偏西风(W,WSW,SW,SSW)为主,荒漠区和过渡带的风向多变,绿洲内风向相对较为集中,绿洲能够使年均风速降低32.99%～37.05%。乌兰布和沙漠东北部过渡带植被和绿洲防护林体系对小气候具有很好的调节作用(降温、增湿、削减风速),研究区局地小气候主要体现在风速和夏秋季湿度上,而气温和冬春季湿度分别主要受逆温和逆湿的影响。