武夷山自然保护区珍稀动植物空间分布特征研究

利用最近邻点距离法对武夷山自然保护区珍稀动物的巢域和珍稀植物种群的空间分布特征进行了研究,结果表明：除短尾猴空间分布的类型是随机分布外,其余动物均为聚集分布,23种珍稀动物总体呈现强聚集的特征;珍稀植物种群分布的密度比较小,绞股蓝等24种为聚集分布,仅黑钩栲为强分散型分布,其余的种群因分布太少未能求出分布类型．由此说明,武夷山自然保护区珍稀动物的生态位潜在空间比较大,珍稀植物种群间构成了较为良好稳定的系统结构．     

重金属污染对土壤动物的毒性效应研究进展

[摘要]土壤重金属污染可导致土壤生物多样性丢失,土地质量退化,重金属的传递甚至威胁到人类的生命安全,如何及时发现并治理污染已经受到人们越来越多的关注。土壤动物的主要类群与土壤生态系统各方面的信息密切联系在一起,常被作为土壤质量评价的重要生物学指标。本文着重介绍重金属物质对常见土壤动物群落结构、活动、取食、繁殖等方面的影响,同时探讨重金属物质对土壤动物的生理毒性等方面影响的热点问题。     

Arcobacter: an emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen,its public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control – a comprehensive review

Arcobacter has emerged as an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen, causing sometimes serious infections in humans and animals. Newer species of Arcobacter are being incessantly emerging (presently 25 species have been identified) with novel information on the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic diversity among different Arcobacter species. These have been reported from chickens, domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, dogs), reptiles (lizards, snakes and chelonians), meat (poultry, pork, goat, lamb, beef, rabbit), vegetables and from humans in different countries. Arcobacters are implicated as causative agents of diarrhea, mastitis and abortion in animals, while causing bacteremia, endocarditis, peritonitis, gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans. Three species including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are predominantly associated with clinical conditions. Arcobacters are primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water sources. Identification of Arcobacter by biochemical tests is difficult and isolation remains the gold standard method. Current diagnostic advances have provided various molecular methods for efficient detection and differentiation of the Arcobacters at genus and species level. To overcome the emerging antibiotic resistance problem there is an essential need to explore the potential of novel and alternative therapies. Strengthening of the diagnostic aspects is also suggested as in most cases Arcobacters goes unnoticed and hence the exact epidemiological status remains uncertain. This review updates the current knowledge and many aspects of this important food-borne pathogen, namely etiology, evolution and emergence, genetic diversity, epidemiology, the disease in animals and humans, public health concerns, and advances in its diagnosis, prevention and control.     

Increased prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in the Netherlands

Summary

The epidemiology, therapy, and prevention of M. bovis infections are briefly reviewed In a survey begun in 1982 M. bovis was found frequently in the respiratory of veal calves and beef cattle with respiratory problems. In replacement calves infected with respiratory disease in dairy herds, however, the organism has only been detected since 1986. Respiratory tract specimens collected from calves with respiratory disease were submitted for examination for M. bovis from 1986 to 1991 and originated from 83 herds. Mycoplasma bovis was detected in specimens from 59 of the herds, 20% of which were dairy herds and 80% fattening herds. Arthritis caused by M. bovis was observed in 12 herds until July 1991. Since 1976 when the first mastitis outbreak caused by M. bovis was diagnosed M. bovis has caused 14 more outbreaks. The number of diseased cattle varied from 1 tot 16 per farm, and clinical signs of mastitis varied from mild to severe. In all instances the infection has been eradicated from the herds. Because M. bovis can cause great losses in intensively reared cattle herds, it is advisable to separate purchased veal calves and beef cattle from dairy cattle to prevent further spread of M. bovis.     

水产动物消化酶特性的研究及其应用

本文着重介绍了水产动物消化酶的特性,包括其催化底物的高效性和专一性、多种酶活性的调节方式、pH值和温度等环境条件对消化酶活性及稳定性的影响;还综合介绍了水产动物消化酶特性知识在鱼类基础研究、饲料的研制以及水产品加工中的应用。     

水产动物缬氨酸营养研究进展

缬氨酸为支链氨基酸,是水产动物的必需氨基酸之一,对水产动物的营养生理作用至关重要.本文综述了水产动物缬氨酸的需要量、缬氨酸与其他支链氨基酸的相互作用以及缬氨酸对蛋白质代谢、免疫性能、抗氧化功能、肠道健康的影响,并进行了水产动物对缬氨酸需要量的剂量响应分析,以期为缬氨酸在水产动物营养需求、功能机理与健康养殖方面的深入研究...     

微量元素对家畜繁殖机能的影响

本文系统地介绍了微量元素对家畜繁殖性能影响的研究进展。主要论述了微量元素不足或过剩对猪、牛和羊的发情、配种、受胎、胚胎发育和存活以及仔畜初生重和断奶重的影响,以及在畜牧生产中满足种畜各种微量元素营养需要的必要性。     

单宁酸的营养生理功能及其在单胃动物生产中的应用研究进展

单宁酸是一种植物源水溶性多酚化合物,由于能够与蛋白质、消化酶、生物碱、多糖和金属离子等结合或络合形成沉淀,降低动物机体对养分的消化和吸收,通常被认为是一种抗营养因子。但近年来有研究发现,单宁酸的多元酚羟基使其本身具有收敛抗腹泻、抗氧化、抑菌和抗病毒等特性。适量的单宁酸可以为动物的生长性能和肠道健康带来良性的促进作用。本文综述了单宁酸的营养生理功能并总结了其在单胃动物生产中的应用效果,为单宁酸的进一步研究提供方向。     

Salmonella isolated from animals and feedstuffs in Sweden during 1983-1987.

This survey describes the frequency of Salmonella in animals and feedstuffs isolated in Sweden 1983-1987. Since 1949 National Veterinary Institute (NVI) has published such reports every fifth year. During the period of this report 760 outbreaks of Salmonella were reported in animals. This includes both domestic and wild animals. The corresponding figure for the previous period was 1266 outbreaks. 56 different serovariants were reported, 17 of these were new to Sweden. In cattle and swine there were a decrease of outbreaks. In poultry 86 outbreaks were reported, compared with 220 outbreaks during the previous five-year period. Swedish feed producing plants are checked both voluntary and compulsory, for the presence of Salmonella in raw materials, scrape and dust samples and compound feed. During 1983-1987 a total of 236 strains at Salmonella were isolated. This is the lowest incidence found during the last 15 years. All consignments of feedstuffs of animal origin intended for import to Sweden has to be examined for the presence of Salmonella. During 1983-1987 8.6% of the consignments were positive for Salmonella and were thus not allowed to be used in Sweden.     

从内蒙古动物岩画探索草原原始畜牧业的起源

在内蒙古西部发现了大量的动物岩画,为研究草原原始畜牧业的起源提供了重要线索。本文的主要观点是:原始畜牧业首先经历了拘系圈养阶段,其依据除动物岩画外,甲骨文、考古学资料和民族学资料为其提供佐证。此后人类和野生动物的关系发生了巨大变化,既使放开这些动物,它们也不逃之夭夭了。此后古代畜牧业进入了一个新阶段一“野牧”。从狩猎向放牧业转化的原因有三个:第一,狩猎经验的积累;第二,气候的变化;第三,新材料—青铜器的运用。通过对动物岩画地观查,有七种动物被驯化变成家畜、它们是马、牛、山羊、绵羊、骆驼、狗和鹿