从内蒙古动物岩画探索草原原始畜牧业的起源

在内蒙古西部发现了大量的动物岩画,为研究草原原始畜牧业的起源提供了重要线索。本文的主要观点是:原始畜牧业首先经历了拘系圈养阶段,其依据除动物岩画外,甲骨文、考古学资料和民族学资料为其提供佐证。此后人类和野生动物的关系发生了巨大变化,既使放开这些动物,它们也不逃之夭夭了。此后古代畜牧业进入了一个新阶段一“野牧”。从狩猎向放牧业转化的原因有三个:第一,狩猎经验的积累;第二,气候的变化;第三,新材料—青铜器的运用。通过对动物岩画地观查,有七种动物被驯化变成家畜、它们是马、牛、山羊、绵羊、骆驼、狗和鹿     

家畜体外受精的研究进展

家畜体外受精技术已日趋成熟。卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟率在牛、猪、绵羊和山羊分别达到90%、87%、83%和79%。精子体外获能方面,趋向于应用肝素代替钙离子载体诱导家畜的射出精子和冷冻精子体外获能,已在牛、猪、绵羊和山羊有试管后代产生。精子注入法是80年代后期发展起来的一种新型的体外受精方法,目前已取得将兔和牛精子注入的成功,并获得了发育正常的后代。     

水产动物消化酶特性的研究及其应用

本文着重介绍了水产动物消化酶的特性,包括其催化底物的高效性和专一性、多种酶活性的调节方式、pH值和温度等环境条件对消化酶活性及稳定性的影响;还综合介绍了水产动物消化酶特性知识在鱼类基础研究、饲料的研制以及水产品加工中的应用。     

Acute phase reactants in nondomesticated mammals—A veterinary clinical pathology perspective

Applications for acute phase reactants (APRs) in nondomesticated mammals include identifying inflammatory disease, monitoring the course of specific disease processes and recovery during rehabilitation, detecting preclinical or subclinical disease, being used as bioindicators for monitoring population and ecosystem health, and as markers of stress and animal welfare. Serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, albumin, and iron are most commonly measured. The procedure for evaluating an APR in a nondomesticated mammalian species should follow a stepwise approach beginning with an assessment of analytical performance, followed by an evaluation of overlap performance, clinical performance, and impact on patient outcomes and management. The lack of species-specific standards and antibodies for nondomesticated mammals presents a challenge, and more attention needs to be focused on assessing cross-reactivity and ensuring adequate analytical performance of APR assays. Sample selection for the initial evaluation of APRs should consider preanalytical influences and should originate from animals with confirmed inflammatory disease and healthy animals. Reference intervals should be generated according to published guidelines. Further evaluation should focus on assessing the diagnostic utility of APRs in specific disease scenarios relevant to a species. Greater attention should be paid to assay performance and uniformity of methods when using APRs for population and ecosystem surveillance. Veterinary clinical pathologists should work closely with zoo veterinarians and wildlife researchers to optimize the accuracy and utility of APR measurements in these various conservation medicine scenarios.     

Animal industry and veterinary science in eastern New Guinea 1: before World War II

Until the latter part of the nineteenth century, there were no domestic animals other than pigs, dogs and poultry in the island of New Guinea. From 1889 onwards, occupying authorities, missionaries and settlers from Germany, the UK, Japan and Australia imported ruminants, pigs and horses. Some of these importations were from Asia. This paper describes some outcomes of those importations and the potential hazards for Australia entailed in them.     

Endothelial–platelet interactions in influenza-induced pneumonia: A potential therapeutic target

Every year, influenza viruses spread around the world, infecting the respiratory systems of countless humans and animals, causing illness and even death. Severe influenza infection is associated with pulmonary epithelial damage and endothelial dysfunction leading to acute lung injury (ALI). There is evidence that an aggressive cytokine storm and cell damage in lung capillaries as well as endothelial/platelet interactions contribute to vascular leakage, pro-thrombotic milieu and infiltration of immune effector cells. To date, treatments for ALI caused by influenza are limited to antiviral drugs, active ventilation or further symptomatic treatments. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of influenza-mediated pathogenesis, permissive animal models and histopathological changes of lung tissue in both mice and men and compare it with histological and electron microscopic data from our own group. We highlight the molecular and cellular interactions between pulmonary endothelium and platelets in homeostasis and influenza-induced pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic targets on platelets/endothelial interaction to reduce or resolve ALI.     

微生物发酵粗饲料在反刍动物生产中的应用研究进展

粗饲料是指天然水分含量小于45%,干物质中粗纤维含量大于或等于18%,并以风干物质为饲喂形式的饲料。利用微生物发酵处理粗饲料,可以改变其适口性差、消化率不高等缺点,降低粗饲料中的抗营养因子,改变其微观结构,提高反刍动物消化率及免疫力。文章就粗饲料原料种类、处理方法、微生物发酵粗饲料作用机理、菌种种类、生产工艺贮存方式以及其在反刍动物生产当中的应用等进行综述。     

北京市伴侣动物源肠球菌的抗菌药物耐受情况调查

为研究北京市伴侣动物源肠球菌对常见抗菌药物的耐受情况,于2015年5月至2016年1月以北京市某宠物医院门诊就诊犬、猫作为采样对象,采集犬、猫自然排出的粪便作为样品,共得到样本320份。采用选择性培养基进行菌株分离和VITEK-2型全自动微生物分析仪进行肠球菌的鉴定;对分离鉴定的菌株进行8类11种常见抗菌药物敏感性试验;同时进行高水平庆大霉素和高水平链霉素耐受的检测试验,对受试肠球菌的耐药性和多重耐药性进行分析。共得到菌落形态及生化特性不同的非重复的肠球菌318株,其中粪肠球菌（49.06%）和屎肠球菌（29.87%）分离率较高。受试肠球菌对高水平庆大霉素和高水平链霉素的耐药率分别为39.94%和43.40%,对四环素（78.62%）、红霉素（67.30%）和奎诺普丁-达福普汀耐药率（43.71%）较高,对替加环素全部敏感,对万古霉素和呋喃妥因非耐药率也很高（均为98.74%）。受试肠球菌对1类到7类抗菌药物有不同程度的耐药性,多重耐药现象普遍,多重耐药率高达57.23%。耐受4类抗菌药物的数量最多（n=65株）。经分析共得到44种不同的耐药谱,以耐受4类药物的红霉素-奎诺普丁-达福普汀-四环素-高水平氨基糖苷类耐药谱占比最高（45/318,14.15%）。本研究证实受试的北京市伴侣动物源肠球菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药程度较高,多重耐药情况普遍存在,应加强对其耐药性的监测工作。     

利用动物有机废弃物制备氨基酸螯合微肥的工艺研究

针对目前我国氨基酸肥料生产工艺研究比较薄弱的缺点,利用水解法对动物有机废弃物制备氨基酸螯合微肥的生产工艺进行了系统研究,其中对蹄甲的水解条件及氨基酸与微量元素的螯合两个关键工艺进行了重点研究。结果表明,在110℃常压条件下,用6mol/L盐酸且盐酸体积(mL)与蹄甲质量(g)之比为4∶1时,水解15h,可使蹄甲水解液中复合氨基酸(含有17种氨基酸)的生成率达到84.78%。在水解液与微量元素螯合过程中,采用氨基酸配体与微量金属元素最佳质量比控制法,可使微量金属元素与氨基酸的螯合率达97%以上。经检测,按此工艺配制的氨基酸螯合微肥,其主要技术指标均在GB/T17419-1998氨基酸叶面肥的规定范围之内。