霉菌毒素对畜禽的危害及其防治

饲料中霉菌毒素严重危害畜禽的生产性能。本文通过对霉菌毒素的来源和种类及其引起的病理变化的介绍，说明其危害性。并结合和产实践，介绍了几种预防、治疗霉菌毒素中毒的方法。     

Animal industry and veterinary science in eastern New Guinea 1: before World War II

Until the latter part of the nineteenth century, there were no domestic animals other than pigs, dogs and poultry in the island of New Guinea. From 1889 onwards, occupying authorities, missionaries and settlers from Germany, the UK, Japan and Australia imported ruminants, pigs and horses. Some of these importations were from Asia. This paper describes some outcomes of those importations and the potential hazards for Australia entailed in them.     

Endothelial–platelet interactions in influenza-induced pneumonia: A potential therapeutic target

Every year, influenza viruses spread around the world, infecting the respiratory systems of countless humans and animals, causing illness and even death. Severe influenza infection is associated with pulmonary epithelial damage and endothelial dysfunction leading to acute lung injury (ALI). There is evidence that an aggressive cytokine storm and cell damage in lung capillaries as well as endothelial/platelet interactions contribute to vascular leakage, pro-thrombotic milieu and infiltration of immune effector cells. To date, treatments for ALI caused by influenza are limited to antiviral drugs, active ventilation or further symptomatic treatments. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of influenza-mediated pathogenesis, permissive animal models and histopathological changes of lung tissue in both mice and men and compare it with histological and electron microscopic data from our own group. We highlight the molecular and cellular interactions between pulmonary endothelium and platelets in homeostasis and influenza-induced pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic targets on platelets/endothelial interaction to reduce or resolve ALI.     

微生物发酵粗饲料在反刍动物生产中的应用研究进展

粗饲料是指天然水分含量小于45%,干物质中粗纤维含量大于或等于18%,并以风干物质为饲喂形式的饲料。利用微生物发酵处理粗饲料,可以改变其适口性差、消化率不高等缺点,降低粗饲料中的抗营养因子,改变其微观结构,提高反刍动物消化率及免疫力。文章就粗饲料原料种类、处理方法、微生物发酵粗饲料作用机理、菌种种类、生产工艺贮存方式以及其在反刍动物生产当中的应用等进行综述。     

北京市伴侣动物源肠球菌的抗菌药物耐受情况调查

为研究北京市伴侣动物源肠球菌对常见抗菌药物的耐受情况,于2015年5月至2016年1月以北京市某宠物医院门诊就诊犬、猫作为采样对象,采集犬、猫自然排出的粪便作为样品,共得到样本320份。采用选择性培养基进行菌株分离和VITEK-2型全自动微生物分析仪进行肠球菌的鉴定;对分离鉴定的菌株进行8类11种常见抗菌药物敏感性试验;同时进行高水平庆大霉素和高水平链霉素耐受的检测试验,对受试肠球菌的耐药性和多重耐药性进行分析。共得到菌落形态及生化特性不同的非重复的肠球菌318株,其中粪肠球菌（49.06%）和屎肠球菌（29.87%）分离率较高。受试肠球菌对高水平庆大霉素和高水平链霉素的耐药率分别为39.94%和43.40%,对四环素（78.62%）、红霉素（67.30%）和奎诺普丁-达福普汀耐药率（43.71%）较高,对替加环素全部敏感,对万古霉素和呋喃妥因非耐药率也很高（均为98.74%）。受试肠球菌对1类到7类抗菌药物有不同程度的耐药性,多重耐药现象普遍,多重耐药率高达57.23%。耐受4类抗菌药物的数量最多（n=65株）。经分析共得到44种不同的耐药谱,以耐受4类药物的红霉素-奎诺普丁-达福普汀-四环素-高水平氨基糖苷类耐药谱占比最高（45/318,14.15%）。本研究证实受试的北京市伴侣动物源肠球菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药程度较高,多重耐药情况普遍存在,应加强对其耐药性的监测工作。     

家畜家禽DNA指纹图的研究进展(综述)

多种小卫星探针和微卫星探针可以用来获得家畜家禽的 DNA 指纹图谱.象人的DNA 指纹图一样,畜禽的 DNA 指纹图也具有高度的变异性和稳定的遗传性.畜禽 DNA 指纹图已广泛地用于鉴定个体、测定品种(系)的遗传纯度和品种(系)间的遗传距离、监测育种及遗传操作效应、寻找重要数量性状位点的遗传标记、开发单位点高变异探针等方面.     

土壤起源与宜居地球的形成

在各种成土因素交互作用下,地球土壤起源和演变历经变化的环境和多种成土过程。研究表明最早的古风化壳出现在太古宙;而随着地球生物演进,生物因素加入风化成土作用与成土过程,土壤学家眼中的土壤形成、发育于寒武纪。漫长的地质历史时期不同的成土环境发育有各种类型土壤,这些土壤发育与演化过程又反作用于景观、地形、生态系统、气候系统,改变大气成分组成和地球化学循环,影响、反馈、调节全球或地区的表层系统,土壤圈的形成是宜居地球形成的重要标志。     

水冷式猪床冬季保温措施对妊娠母猪小群饲养的影响

为探讨在冬季低温条件下水冷式猪床保温措施对妊娠母猪小群饲养的影响,试验选用16头配种4周左右的母猪,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组各2圈栏,每圈栏4头。在试验组猪床单元两端设有门帘来提高猪床内环境温度,测试各组环境温度及观察母猪行为。结果表明:单个猪床单元内1头猪躺卧时,试验组单元内温度比对照组和舍内温度平均分别高3.2和6.9℃,当试验组和对照组舍内温度分别高于11和12℃,均未出现2头猪挤在1个单元内躺卧。试验组与对照组相比,母猪每天平均躺卧时间(18.6和17.8h)和饮水次数(18.5和23.3)差异显著(P<0.05),咬链次数(14.0和19.0)差异极显著(P<0.01)。对照组在猪床单元内排便和排尿分别占总次数的1.8%和12.1%,而试验组分别为0和3.2%。研究结果表明,猪床门帘可提高母猪躺卧区的局部温度和减少母猪的刻板行为。     

Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores

Vector-borne diseases are medically important in humans and animals but were long considered tropical and known to first affect production animals. This is no longer true and we can see today that they are common in domestic animals and that they are also present in temperate countries, especially in Europe. In recent years, an increase in the diagnosis of vector borne diseases among humans and animals has been observed, which may partly due to the development of diagnostic tools. Their study requires exchanges and collaborations between the many actors involved, especially since the epidemiology seems to be constantly evolving. The veterinary practitioner is the first one to notice the emergence of cases and to implement prevention measures. He also acts as a sentinel to alert epidemiologists. Many factors can explain the epidemiological changes, i.e. all human factors, such as the increase in commercial transportation, but also owners traveling with their pet during the holidays, the development of “outdoor” activities, the increase of individual housings with gardens; to these human factors must be added the ignorance of the risks, linked to animals in general and to wildlife in particular; then the environmental changes: forest fragmentation, establishment of parks; the increase of wild mammal populations (deer, carnivores, rodents, etc.); finally, climate changes. Climate change is a reality which may explain the increase of density of arthropod vectors, but also of their hosts, changes in periods of activity and variations in geographical distribution. The authors show the proof of the climate modifications and then explain how it has an impact in Europe on ticks, mosquitoes, sandflies and even fleas. They conclude on the practical consequences for veterinary practitioners, especially with the diagnosis of parasitic diseases or diseases in areas where they usually do not occur. However, not any epidemiological modification should be linked to climate change, since many other factors are involved and often even overriding.     

Increased prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in the Netherlands

Summary

The epidemiology, therapy, and prevention of M. bovis infections are briefly reviewed In a survey begun in 1982 M. bovis was found frequently in the respiratory of veal calves and beef cattle with respiratory problems. In replacement calves infected with respiratory disease in dairy herds, however, the organism has only been detected since 1986. Respiratory tract specimens collected from calves with respiratory disease were submitted for examination for M. bovis from 1986 to 1991 and originated from 83 herds. Mycoplasma bovis was detected in specimens from 59 of the herds, 20% of which were dairy herds and 80% fattening herds. Arthritis caused by M. bovis was observed in 12 herds until July 1991. Since 1976 when the first mastitis outbreak caused by M. bovis was diagnosed M. bovis has caused 14 more outbreaks. The number of diseased cattle varied from 1 tot 16 per farm, and clinical signs of mastitis varied from mild to severe. In all instances the infection has been eradicated from the herds. Because M. bovis can cause great losses in intensively reared cattle herds, it is advisable to separate purchased veal calves and beef cattle from dairy cattle to prevent further spread of M. bovis.