生态补偿视角下的野生动物致害救济——以湖北十堰猎捕野猪事件为例

2015年9月,一则关于“湖北十堰猎捕野猪”的新闻引起舆论的广泛关注以此为契机,可以发现我国现行的野生动物致害救济机制存在明显的缺陷.以野猪为代表的“三有”野生动物,在受法律保护不得非法猎捕的同时,其造成的损害又排除在国家补偿范围之外,而地方政府关于野生动物致害的配套制度缺失,限量猎补的行为在公众眼里仍存在争议.从生态补偿的角度来看,野生动物致害补偿兼具行政行为和市场行为的双重属性,完全可以在现有的国家补偿的基础上,引入市场化色彩浓厚的生态补偿机制,构建起一套既有国家立法又有地方配套制度,既重事后补偿又重事前防范,既有行政手段又有市场机制的野生动物致害救济机制.     

海洋生物型肠内营养制剂氮源重金属含量研究

通过分析我国南方多个海区15个海洋生物样品的重金属含量,评价其作为海洋生物型肠内营养制剂氮源的安全性。试验结果表明,15个样品中有5个样品Pb含量超标,6个样品As含量超标,所有样品Hg含量均未超标。初步研究表明,我国南方海区黄鳍鲷、花鲈等样品在本次分析中均未出现重金属超标,满足作为海洋生物型肠内营养制剂氮源基料的重金属安全要求,而贝类作为氮源基料,必须根据国家标准的要求进行重金属的控制与脱除。     

西藏色季拉山(阳坡)不同海拔土壤动物群落多样性时空分布特征

为了解色季拉山不同海拔、不同植被类型土壤动物群落多样性时空分布特征。于2021年5—9月,在色季拉山阳坡,海拔3 400~4 500 m范围选择8 个不同海拔,用土钻五点法采集样地0~10 cm深土样,用Tullgren漏斗分离并手捡大型土壤动物,分析土壤动物群落结构、Shannon-wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、丰富度指数及相似性指数的时空分布动态。结果表明: 1)色季拉山(阳坡)8 个海拔共捕获土壤动物17 522 只,隶属于11纲23目63科(群)。弹尾目(Collembola)和真螨目(Eucaridae)为优势类群。土壤动物的类群数、个体数量的时空动态具有较大差异;2)海拔3 700 m的土壤动物个体数季节差异最显著(P<0.05),海拔4 400 m的土壤动物个体数季节差异最小;3)Shannon-Wiener多样性在8个海拔样地整体表现为8 月最高,7 月最低,5、6、9 月整体变化较小。Pielou均匀度8 月最高,且显著高于其他月(P<0.05);4)β多样性表明色季拉山阳坡相邻海拔土壤动物类群相似性较高,海拔差距越大相似性越低。随海拔梯度和时间变化,土壤动物的个体数、类群数、多样性均有较大差异。综上,色季拉山(阳坡)土壤动物群落多样性对季节变化及海拔梯度变化敏感。     

肾虚肝郁证迟发性性腺功能减退症大鼠模型的建立与评价

目的 建立“肾虚肝郁证”迟发性性腺功能减退症（Late onset hypogonadism,LOH）动物模型,并对其进行评价。方法 以中医理论“房劳过度伤肾”、“郁久伤肝”为指导,采用“退役种鼠（40周龄）+复合情志刺激+孤养”方法,建立“肾虚肝郁证”LOH动物模型,与正常组（8周龄）比较,以血清总睾酮、悬尾实验、睾丸间质细胞超微结构、睾酮合成相关酶以及Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白表达为指标。结果 模型组大鼠出现一系列典型的LOH精神、心理、体能改变,与正常组比较,模型组大鼠血清总睾酮水平明显降低,悬尾不动时间显著延长,睾丸组织Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白表达增强,睾酮合成相关酶类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白（Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein,StAR）^[13]、细胞色素胆固醇侧链裂解酶（Cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage,P450scc）^[14]、3β-羟甾脱氢酶（3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,3β-HSD）mRNA和蛋白表达下降,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）;模型组睾丸间质变少,睾丸间质细胞线粒体数量减少,出现水肿,线粒体嵴消失。结论 “退役种鼠+复合情志刺激+孤养”方法复制“肾虚肝郁证”LOH模型切实可行,有较高的实用价值。     

土壤起源与宜居地球的形成

在各种成土因素交互作用下,地球土壤起源和演变历经变化的环境和多种成土过程。研究表明最早的古风化壳出现在太古宙;而随着地球生物演进,生物因素加入风化成土作用与成土过程,土壤学家眼中的土壤形成、发育于寒武纪。漫长的地质历史时期不同的成土环境发育有各种类型土壤,这些土壤发育与演化过程又反作用于景观、地形、生态系统、气候系统,改变大气成分组成和地球化学循环,影响、反馈、调节全球或地区的表层系统,土壤圈的形成是宜居地球形成的重要标志。     

噬菌体SYJ4及其对肉鸡痢疾治疗效果的初步探究

为了分离以致病性痢疾志贺菌(Shigella dysenteriae)CMCC(B)51105为宿主菌的烈性噬菌体,并分析其生物学特性及其对患痢疾肉鸡的治疗效果,采用双层平板法从水样中分离纯化获得烈性噬菌体SYJ4,其最佳感染复数(MOI)为0.1,最适感染温度为37℃,最适感染p H范围在6-8;一步生长曲线表明噬菌体SYJ4裂解量约为50,潜伏期约为20 min,裂解期约为120 min;将无菌噬菌体富集液通过灌喂方式作用于由S.dysenteriae CMCC(B)51105导致的出现明显白痢症状的病鸡中并与链霉素治疗效果进行比较,结果表明噬菌体SYJ4对痢疾志贺菌(S.dysenteriae)CMCC(B)51105引起的鸡痢疾具有一定治疗效果,其治疗效果与链霉素相仿,并在控制鸡肠道志贺氏菌群数量上优于链霉素。研究表明对于将噬菌体应用于肉禽细菌性肠道疾病治疗研究具有一定的参考价值。     

Comparative tick counts on game, cattle and sheep on a working game ranch in Kenya

The main objective of the study was to determine the possible influence of host species on the maintenance of ticks in the field by determining the relative contribution of game animals compared to domestic animals. The study was carried out on a game ranch 32 km south-east of Nairobi. Tick counts were carried out on 30 Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) aged 1 to 3 years and 20 red Maasai sheep (Ovis aries) aged 6 months to 1 year grazing with game animals in a common area for a period of 2 years and these counts were compared with those on eland and Thomson's gazelle. Half-body counts were carried out on the cattle and sheep once every week. To avoid excessive stress, the animals were dipped in amitraz whenever the half body counts exceeded 50 fully engorged female ticks of any species. Tick counts on two wild animal species (eland (Taurotragus oryx) and Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii)) were carried out during the weekly culling of the herbivores. The results revealed that there was no significant difference in the number ticks per square metre between the wild ungulates and the domestic animals.     

醋氨己酸锌的大鼠长期毒性实验研究

以大鼠80只,随机分4组(每组20只,简称A,B,C,D组),前3组分别用醋氨己酸锌225,450,900mg/kg·d连续口饲12周,各剂量组大鼠一般行为正常。体重、血常规、凝血时间、血小板计数,血液生化学指标:谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、血糖(GLU)、总胆红素(TBili)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cree)、总胆固醇(TC-holes)与对照组(D组)相比无明显差异(P>0.05),病理解剖检查也未见异常。     

The devil is in the details—Host disease and co‐infections are associated with zoonotic pathogen carriage in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Traditionally, zoonotic pathogen ecology studies in wildlife have focused on the interplay among hosts, their demographic characteristics and their pathogens. But pathogen ecology is also influenced by factors that traverse the hierarchical scale of biological organization, ranging from within‐host factors at the molecular, cellular and organ levels, all the way to the host population within a larger environment. The influence of host disease and co‐infections on zoonotic pathogen carriage in hosts is important because these factors may be key to a more holistic understanding of pathogen ecology in wildlife hosts, which are a major source of emerging infectious diseases in humans. Using wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) as a model species, the purpose of this study was to investigate how host disease and co‐infections impact the carriage of zoonotic pathogens. Following a systematic trap and removal study, we tested the rats for the presence of two potentially zoonotic bacterial pathogens (Bartonella tribocorum and Leptospira interrogans) and assessed them for host disease not attributable to these bacteria (i.e., nematode parasites, and macroscopic and microscopic lesions). We fitted multilevel multivariable logistic regression models with pathogen status as the outcome, lesions and parasites as predictor variables and city block as a random effect. Rats had significantly increased odds of being infected with B. tribocorum if they had a concurrent nematode infection in one or more organ systems. Rats with bite wounds, any macroscopic lesion, cardiomyopathy or tracheitis had significantly increased odds of being infected with L. interrogans. These results suggest that host disease may have an important role in the ecology and epidemiology of rat‐associated zoonotic pathogens. Our multiscale approach to assessing complex intrahost factors in relation to zoonotic pathogen carriage may be applicable to future studies in rats and other wildlife hosts.