洞庭湖环湖丘岗区土壤动物群落组成及分布

以洞庭湖环湖丘岗区4个生态系统为标准样地研究土壤动物群落的组成、垂直结构及季节性变化。全部调查共获得土壤动物31 298只、30类分别隶属于4门13纲29目。其中,蜱螨类、弹尾类、等翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅成虫和双翅幼虫为最重要类群。被调查的4个生境的土壤动物群落,个体数量变化趋势是:针阔混交林>茶林>竹林>阔叶林,类群数变化趋势是:竹林=茶林>针阔混交林>阔叶林。4个生境土壤动物的个体数和类群数均具有明显的表聚性,并随土层加深动物个体数及类群数递减的规律。土壤动物的多样性以冬季、春季最丰富,夏季最少,季节变化的波动性较大。     

Social-ethical issues concerning the control strategy of animal diseases in the European Union: A survey

In 2004 a survey was conducted in the member states of the European Union designed to gain greater insight into the views on control strategies for foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever, and avian influenza with respect to the epidemiological, economic and social-ethical consequences of each of these animal diseases. This article presents the results of the social-ethical survey. A selection of stakeholders from each member state was asked to prioritize issues for the prevention and control of these diseases. A majority of stakeholders chose preventive measures as the preferred issue. An analysis was done to determine whether there were differences in views expressed by stakeholders from member states with a history of recent epidemics and ones without such a history, and whether there were regional differences. There were no differences between member states with or without a history of recent epidemics. There were indeed regional differences between the priority orders from Northern and Southern Europe on the one hand, and from Eastern Europe on the other. Nina E. Cohen is a biologist and is a researcher at the Wageningen University. She is specialized in societal and ethical issues in human–animal relationships. Her current research is focused on the social-ethical issues concerning the prevention and control of foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever and avian influenza. Marcel A.P.M. van Asseldonk has studied animal science. Currently he works at the Institute for Risk Management in Agriculture (IRMA) of the Wageningen University. He is specialized in the design and pricing of insurance policies and animal health funds for the main livestock epidemics. Elsbeth N. Stassen is a veterinarian and professor of Animals and Society at the Wageningen University. Elsbeth Stassen is specialized in animal health, animal welfare and human–animal relationships. She was a member of a governmental welfare committee during the avian influenza epidemic in the Netherlands in 2003.     

上海动物园野生动物寄生虫名录(Ⅲ报)

《上海动物园野生动物寄生虫名录(Ⅰ)(Ⅱ)》报道后,作者对采集的第3批标本作了虫种鉴定。又发现吸虫类3种、绦虫类2种、线虫类15种、蜘蛛昆虫类8种、原虫类2种,合计30种(其中包括国内新记录4种,宿主新记录8种)作为Ⅲ报,并对较为罕见的虫种作了简要的形态描述.     

内蒙古地区家畜肿瘤的调查及其病理形态学研究

本文对内蒙古自治区777844头家畜(绵羊、山羊、牛、马、骡和骆驼)的调查,共检出肿瘤76例,分属25种肿瘤:山羊鼻腔腺瘤、绵羊肺腺瘤,绵羊乳腺瘤、牛肝细胞腺瘤、绵羊和牛的胆管细胞癌与肝细胞癌、绵羊和马的肾腺癌、牛腺癌、绵羊肾上腺皮质癌、牛纤维瘤、牛韧带状瘤、牛间皮瘤、牛和绵羊的海绵状血管瘤、绵羊淋巴管瘤、骆驼骨软骨瘤、骡纤维肉瘤、绵羊肉瘤、绵羊和牛的横纹肌肉瘤、牛软骨肉瘤、绵羊淋巴肉瘤、牛神经鞘瘤、马脑膜瘤、绵羊卵巢睾丸母细胞瘤、牛癌肉瘤、马和绵羊的恶性黑色素瘤。调查表明牛的肿瘤检出率比羊的肿瘤检出率高,山羊鼻腔腺瘤呈地方性流行,绵羊肺腺瘤分布有一定的区域,其余肿瘤均为散发。文中对各种肿瘤的形态结构均作详细描述。     

固态发酵芦笋老茎生产高蛋白反刍动物饲料的研究

通过单菌种固态发酵、复合菌种固态发酵以及不同配比的复合菌种固态发酵试验,对能够将芦笋老茎转化为反刍动物饲料的微生物菌种进行了筛选。结果表明,由青霉(Penicillium sp.)F-5、暗孢毛壳(Chaetomium atrosporum)F-21、曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)F-25菌株组成的配比为2:2:3的复合菌种是效果最好的菌种组合。芦笋老茎生料培养基经该复合菌种5 d固态发酵后,发酵产物中可溶性蛋白含量达到4.80 mg/g,与对照组相比增加了39.94%;粗蛋白含量达到11.18%,与对照组相比增加了38.54%;纤维素由22.74%降低到22.32%,降低了1.85%;木质素由12.90%降低到10.53%,降低了18.37%。这些结果证明芦笋老茎经微生物发酵后能转化为良好的高蛋白反刍动物饲料。     

高通量筛选差异表达基因技术及其在家畜中的应用

差异表达基因筛选技术是研究生物重要经济性状相关基因或抗病相关基因的有力工具。作者总结了近年来发展起来的几种高通量筛选差异表达基因的技术,并对其原理、流程及在家畜中的应用作了简要介绍。     

乳酸菌对水产养殖动物抗氧化应激与免疫力影响研究进展

简述了在水产养殖动物中使用乳酸菌所具有的抗氧化应激与免疫力影响的研究现状和作用机理,并描述了其应用前景,以期为乳酸菌制剂在水产动物上的应用提供参考。     

Toxoplasma gondii in Switzerland: a serosurvey based on meat juice analysis of slaughtered pigs, wild boar, sheep and cattle

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases worldwide and is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Besides vertical infection during pregnancy, humans can get infected post-natally either by peroral uptake of sporulated Toxoplasma oocysts or by ingestion of tissue cysts upon consumption of raw or undercooked meat. The aim of this study was to approximate the risk of human infection via meat consumption by estimating the seroprevalence of T. gondii in slaughtered animals in Switzerland and to compare data with prevalences assessed 10 years ago. The study included pigs, cattle, sheep and wild boar of different age groups and housing conditions whenever possible and applicable. A P-30-ELISA was used to detect T. gondii-specific antibodies and to determine seroprevalences in meat juice of slaughtered animals. A total of 270 domestic pigs (120 adults, 50 finishing, 100 free-ranging animals), 150 wild boars, 250 sheep (150 adults, 100 lambs) and 406 cattle (47 calves, 129 heifers, 100 bulls, 130 adult cows) were tested. Seropositivity increased with the age of the assessed animals. Independent of the age-group, the overall seroprevalence was lowest in wild boars (6.7%), followed by pigs (23.3%), cattle (45.6%) and sheep (61.6%), respectively. Conventional fattening pigs and free-ranging pigs surprisingly had comparable seroprevalences (14.0% and 13.0%, respectively). Unlike in other European countries, where generally a decrease in the number of seropositive animals had been observed, we found that the prevalence of seropositive animals, when compared with that of 10 years ago, had increased for most species/age groups. Conclusively, the results demonstrated a high seroprevalence of T. gondii in animals slaughtered for meat production and revealed that increasing age of the animals is a more important risk factor than housing conditions in Switzerland.     

Patterns of rabies occurrence in Bhutan between 1996 and 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate incidence and seasonal trends of rabies in dogs and other domestic animals in Bhutan from 1996 to 2009. Time series analysis approach was used to determine the seasonal trend and temporal association between species-specific rabies cases in animals. A total of 814 rabies cases were reported during the 14-year period, of which cattle and domestic dogs accounted for 55% (447/814) and 39% (317/814) of the cases, respectively. The remaining 6% of the cases (50/814) were reported in horses (2%), cats (2%), pigs (1%) and goats (1%). Rabies cases were reported throughout the year with more reports during spring and summer months. The annual patterns of cases were stable from 1996 to 2005, but the incidence increased during 2006 and 2008. Fifty-nine of the 205 sub-districts reported rabies in animals from 1996 to 2009 with increased incidences in the four districts in southern Bhutan, an area located close to the border towns of India. A significant (P < 0.05) positive cross-correlation was observed between the number of cases in dogs and other domestic animals at time lags (months) 1-3 with the highest correlation (r = 0.94, P < 0.05) observed at time lag 0 (same month) indicating that the peak in rabies incidences occur in the same month when both dogs and other domestic animal cases are reported. Regression analysis predicted rabies in other domestic animal when there are reports of rabies in dogs during the previous months. This study provides useful information about the epidemiology of rabies that can be used to plan a rabies control programme in Bhutan.     

典型土壤动物体表形态减粘脱土的初步研究

土壤动物的不粘土特性,对于地面机械减粘脱土的仿生研究具有重要意义。本文利用实体显微镜和扫描电镜对典型土壤动物穿山甲、蝼蛄、蚂蚁和蜣螂等的体表形态进行了观察研究。结果表明,上述土壤动物具有类似波纹状的体表结构,并用波形表面模型进行了减粘脱土的机理分析。