中国淡水鱼类种质资源的保护和利用

本文简要介绍了目前世界鱼类资源概况、我国鱼类资源现状，以及鱼类生物多样性的极丰富程度与易被破坏性，还介绍了造成鱼类种类减少或区系组成变化的主要原因以及造成鱼类遗传多样性减少的内在原因和外部原因；比较详细的提出了鱼类种质资源保护的目的、策略及措施。并就我国鲤科鱼类繁育群体的大小、鱼类种质的鉴定与评价及利用前景作了分析。     

鳜→鲤的细胞核移植

本文报道用细胞核移植的方法,获得了亲缘关系较远的不同目鱼类之间的核一质杂种鱼胚胎.即以鳜鱼的囊胚细胞核作供体,以鲤鱼的成熟未受精去核卵细胞质作为受体进行核移植试验,使囊胚细胞核发生分裂,从而启动卵细胞质也发生分裂,导致重新进行个体发育.在获得的112个正常发育的核移植卵中,发生卵裂的107个,占95.5%发育至囊胚期的61个,占54.5%,发育至原肠期的6个,占5.4%,发育至神经胚期和胚孔封闭期的各1个,分别占0.9%.鳜→鲤核质杂种胚胎类似鲤鱼同期胚胎,其早期发育速度与鲤鱼相似而比鳜鱼快.各杂种胚胎发育期的胚盘形状及大小均类似鲤鱼,大于鳜鱼同期胚盘,且胚盘细胞较多,但比鲤鱼胚盘细胞小,这是鳜→鲤核质杂种胚胎发育的一个显著特点.作者认为核-质杂种胚胎的性状发育,受核受体物种的母性影响控制.     

Prey and non‐native fish predict the distribution of Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) in a south‐western river in North America

Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) has been extirpated from a large portion of its historical range in the Colorado River basin, USA. A repatriation effort via stocking of juvenile P. lucius in the San Juan River, NM, CO and UT has resulted in limited recruitment of individuals into an adult population. Understanding biotic and abiotic factors that limit their persistence in the Colorado River basin will be a critical step in providing for their recovery. To elucidate potential recruitment barriers in the San Juan River, we assessed relationships between the numbers of two age classes of P. lucius and prey, competitors and predators collected at a 1.6 km reach scale between 2003 and 2012. We used an information theoretical approach to rank candidate models testing the relative importance of these biotic conditions in predicting the spatial distribution of P. lucius. We found positive relationships between the numbers of P. lucius ≤200 mm total length (TL) collected and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of native prey among reaches. For P. lucius >200 mm TL (individuals that are likely completely piscivorous), we found positive associations between the numbers of P. lucius collected and CPUE of total prey and CPUE of potential non‐native competitors in each reach. Our data suggest size‐specific affinities of P. lucius for native and non‐native prey as well as the potential for negative interactions between P. lucius and non‐native competitors may contribute to limited recruitment of juvenile P. lucius into an adult population in the San Juan River.     

营养物质对鱼类食欲的影响

寻找理想鱼粉替代物是近20年动物营养学的研究热点之一,尽管在肉食性鱼类中鱼粉替代物因适口性差、消化率低、氨基酸不平衡和存在抗营养因子等原因导致其替代比例较低,然而,随着鱼粉供求关系的进一步不平衡,替代鱼粉已成为肉食性鱼类养殖可持续发展的必然要求。因此,如何提高肉食性鱼类对鱼粉替代物的利用率成为了鱼粉替代研究的瓶颈。本文从食欲的角度,综述各种营养物质对食欲的影响,以便利用营养措施来人为调控鱼类的食欲,从而提高饲料利用率。     

我国鲢鳙鳊鲫鱼肉蛋白质冷藏稳定性的研究

采用肌原纤维（Ｍｆ）ＡＴＰ酶活性和溶解度考察鲢鳙鳊鲫四种淡水鱼的冷藏稳定性,显示出完全一致的对应结果,即－２０℃鲢鳙变性严重,鳊鲫轻微,结果表明：ＭｆＣａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性在考察蛋白质冷藏变性中是一个可靠而又实用的指标。     

Long-term patterns of microhabitat use by fish in a southern Appalachian stream from 1983 to 1992: effects of hydrologic period, season and fish length

Abstract— We quantified microhabitat use by members of a southern Appalachian stream fish assemblage over a ten-year period that included both floods and droughts. Our study site (37 m in length) encompassed riffle, run and pool habitats. Previous research indicated that species belonged to either benthic or water-column microhabitat guilds. Most species exhibited non-random microhabitat use in all seasons, and benthic and water column species generally were over-represented in the deeper portions of the site. In addition, water column species generally were over-represented in microhabitats with lower average velocities. The majority of seasonal shifts in microhabitat use were passive (i. e. correlated with changes in microhabitat availability), whereas, most shifts associated with hydrological periods appeared to be active responses to changing environmental conditions. Most species exhibited length-related shifts in microhabitat use, which were strongly affected by hydrologic period for four of ten species. Microhabitat use patterns of assemblage members appeared to be a consequence of species-specific responses to changing environmental conditions. The highly flexible patterns of microhabitat use exhibited by these species necessitate that decisions regarding their management be based on data covering a range of environmental conditions.     

伊犁河鱼类

1995──1997年对伊犁河（中国境内）进行鱼类和水域生态调查研究,采集鱼类标本7000余尾。经鉴定整理计32种,隶属于6目9科27属。其中土著鱼类仅10种,具有经济价值的5种,随着鱼类的人工移植与驯化,伊犁河的鱼类发生了很大的变化。除已被记载的裸腹鲟、西鲤、东方欧鳊和梭鲈外,这次调查被列入新记录的有：短头、草鱼、鲢、鲫、银鲫、赤梢鱼、贝加尔雅罗、欧鲇,以及小型鱼类：条、中华、麦穗鱼、棒花鱼、北方泥鳅、青、黄鱼、褐栉虎鱼和波氏虎鱼等17种。并研究了伊犁河鱼类的演变和发展趋势。     

鱼类产卵孵化方式及其适应意义

综述了卵生鱼类的浮性卵、粘性卵、沉性卵及特殊类型的产卵孵化方式及其适应意义,也描述了卵胎生和胎生鱼类的胚胎发育及产仔特征。     

Linking size‐based trophodynamics and morphological traits in marine fishes

The rule of thumb in marine trophodynamics indicates that the bigger an organism, the higher its trophic level (TROPH). This generalization leads to the assumption that fishes increase their TROPH with growth. However, a recent review showed that for many species, TROPH does not increase with body size, suggesting that size‐independent feeding is not rare in marine fishes. Here, we assessed some morphological traits of marine fishes that could potentially be used as indicators for the ability to vary TROPH with body size. Stable isotope values of nitrogen were used as a proxy TROPH. The specific objectives were as follows: (a) to evaluate the relationship between the oral gape and the trophodynamic trend and (b) to quantify the relevance of 11 external morphological traits in determining the size‐based trophodynamics. We used random forest models to identify the morphological traits that would help predict which species would have the potential to increase TROPH with growth and which would have not. The selected traits included the pelvic fin relative position, the dorsal fin shape, total length, and relative mouth size. Our results also showed a marked relationship between the rate of increase in the oral gape and TROPH. The analyses presented here provide the first comprehensive and quantitative review aiming at linking the trophodynamics of marine fishes with external morphological traits.     

基于细胞色素b基因序列的鲌亚科鱼类系统发育研究

采用特异性引物PCR扩增获得了鲌亚科7属10种鱼类细胞色素b基因的全长序列,初步构建了鲌亚科鱼类的系统发育关系。NJ树和MP树一致表明,鲌亚科鱼类种内所有个体均单独聚群,支持率高;同一属内,除蒙古鲌(Culter mogolicus mongolicus)未能与同属的翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)、青梢鲌(Culter dabryi dabryi)单独聚为一支外,团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)与三角鲂(Megalobrama terminal)、翘嘴鲌与青梢鲌均为姐妹种。NJ、MP树显示鲌亚科鱼类属间关系的支持率都较低,鲂属(Megalobrama)与鳊属(Parabramis)间、鲌属(Culter)与原鲌属(Cultrichthys)间、细鳊属(Rasborinus)与半属(Hemiculterella)、属(Hemiculter)间有较近的亲缘关系,在系统演化关系上,细鳊属、半属、依氏鱼属(Ishikauia)较为原始,鲌属与原鲌属、鲂属与鳊属互为姐妹群,为较特化群。