黑斑狗鱼形态性状对体重的影响效果分析

选取0^＋龄～4^＋龄黑斑狗鱼332尾,对其体长、体高、体宽、尾柄长、尾柄高、头长、头高、头宽、吻长、眼间距、口裂宽、口裂长和体重等13个性状进行测量。采用多元分析法分析体重和形态形状的关系。结果表明,黑斑狗鱼除0^＋龄头长与体重之间的相关系数未达到显著水平（P〉0．05）外,其它各形态性状与体重的相关系数均达到显著水平（P〈0．05）或极显著水平（P〈0．01）;经通径分析,不同年龄阶段各形态性状对体重的通径系数存在一定的差异,但体长和头高对体重的通径系数均达到显著水平,而且体长对体重的直接作用均最大,其余各性状均是通过体长间接的影响体重;决定系数分析结果表明,体长对体重的决定系数最大,其它性状主要通过体长影响体重;通径分析结果与决定系数分析结果的变化趋势一致;所选形态性状与体重的相关指数R2〉0．85,说明所选性状是影响体重的主要性状。应用逐步多元回归分析,经偏回归系数的显著性检验,建立以体重为因变量（Y）,各形态性状为自变量的多元回归方程,0^＋龄～4^＋龄黑斑狗鱼体重（Y）与形态性状参数的多元叵归方程分别为：LgY=-1．411＋0．395LgX8＋0．576LgX1＋0．092LgX1n＋0．538LgX7＋0．35LgX6;LgY=-4．132＋0．866LgX1＋0．102LgX】2＋0．083LgX7;LgY=一4．186＋0．772LgX1＋0．195LgX7;LgY=-2．542＋0．372LgX1＋0．185LgX3＋0．256LgX8＋0．23LgX7,;LgY=-4．585＋0．816LgX1＋0．178LgX7。经回归预测估计值与实际值间的差异不显著（P〉0．05）,该方程可用于黑斑狗鱼实际生产中,为黑斑狗鱼选种提供了理论依据和理想的测量指标。     

渔船用生物柴油减排的进化博弈分析

渔船污染排放是空气污染的一个重要来源,引起国际社会的广泛关注。生物柴油作为一种清洁的可再生能源,具有显著的减排效果。研究从进化博弈论的角度探讨了渔船应用生物柴油的减排策略,分析了有限理性的渔民之间、渔民和企业之间采取不同策略群体比例的动态变化,以及进行稳定策略的条件。研究认为,政府的补贴政策、渔业部门的监督检验和碳交易的有效实施,可以改变渔民的得益矩阵,引导渔民使用替代能源进行减排。对我国捕捞渔船进行了减排成本估算,结果表明,渔船发动机掺混5%的生物柴油将导致每船每年平均增加燃油成本近3 000元。如果政府能够制定生物柴油补贴政策,并建立有效的碳交易制度,在不增加成本的前提下,渔民会逐渐倾向采用生物柴油进行渔船减排。     

氟离子对西伯利亚鲟胚胎发育的影响

本试验在水温17±1℃的条件下,采用半静态式生物毒性试验方法,探讨了氟离子(F-)对西伯利亚鲟胚胎发育的影响。结果表明,100~600 mg/L氟暴露会导致胚胎孵化延迟,氟暴露组半数孵化时间(MHT)比对照组推迟9~22 h。氟暴露同时导致胚胎死亡率显著增加(P<0.05),出膜仔鱼活力减弱、存活时间缩短、畸形率显著升高(P<0.05),出现卵黄囊畸形、脊椎畸形、眼部充血等畸形症状。试验得出F-致西伯利亚鲟胚胎144 h半致死浓度(LC50)为447.61 mg/L,孵化安全浓度(SC)为4.48 mg/L,导致仔鱼畸形的半数效应浓度(EC50)为536 mg/L。氟对西伯利亚鲟胚胎的安全质量浓度低于我国部分高氟地区地下水、地表水及人为氟污染水域中氟含量,提示天然水体中氟可能会对鱼类胚胎产生负面影响,应引起重视。     

利用抑制消减杂交技术分离辣椒细胞质雄性不育育性恢复相关EST

 以辣椒(Capsicum annuum L. ) 细胞质雄性不育系23A、121A, 和其相应的近等基因恢复系23C、121C为试验材料, 利用抑制消减杂交( SSH) 技术成功构建了CMS恢复基因诱导表达的消减cDNA文库。结合高密度点阵膜杂交差异筛选, 获得了282个阳性克隆。通过测序, 除去重复序列共得到175个Unique ESTs。在GenBank上进行BLAST分析, 55个EST片段未找到对应的同源序列, 可能代表了新基因;120个EST片段找到了对应的同源序列, 包括103个已知功能基因和17个未知功能基因。按照MIPS功能分类法, 将其分为14个功能组, 涉及代谢、胁迫应答、蛋白活性、转录因子、信号转导等多方面的功能。     

金光杏梅叶面积回归测算研究

以金光杏梅成熟叶片为试材,研究了叶长、叶宽与叶面积的关系.结果表明:叶长、叶宽与叶面积均呈正相关关系.叶长、叶宽与叶面积之间的相关系数分别为0.7084、0.8546,叶长和叶宽与叶面积的复相关系数为0.9868,在0.01水平下均达到了极显著水平.在此基础上建立了叶长(x1)、叶宽(x2)、叶长和叶宽与叶面积(y)之间的回归方程y=61.4140x1-2 480.6、y=28.7600x2-0.8546、y=17.6276x1+41.2594x2-1 078.4906,3个回归方程均可用于测算金光杏梅的叶面积,其中以叶长和叶宽与叶面积的二元回归方程测算结果更为精确.在具体应用中,可根据所要求的精确度进行选择.     

Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (Kc) of cotton and wheat

Development of crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to reference evapotranspiration (ETo), can enhance ETc estimates in relation to specific crop phenological development. This research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific Kc and crop water use for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at the Texas AgriLife Research field at Uvalde, TX, USA from 2005 to 2008. Weighing lysimeters were used to measure crop water use and local weather data were used to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA) and a seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ETo. Crop water requirements, Kc determination, and comparison to existing FAO Kc values were determined over a 2-year period on cotton and a 3-year period on wheat. Seasonal total amounts of crop water use ranged from 689 to 830 mm for cotton and from 483 to 505 mm for wheat. The Kc values determined over the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.5 for cotton and 0.1 to 1.7 for wheat. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific Kc helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.     

Estimating reference evapotranspiration with atmometers in a semiarid environment

Reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) estimations require accurate measurements of meteorological variables (solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) which are not available in many countries of the world. Alternative approaches are the use of Class A pan evaporimeters and atmometers, which have several advantages compared to meteorological stations: they are simple, inexpensive and provide a visual interpretation of ET₀. The objectives of the study were to compare the evaporation from atmometers (ET_gage) with the evapotranspiration estimated by the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation (ET_0PM) and to evaluate the variability between three modified atmometers of a commercial model. Comparison between daily ET_gage measured by the atmometer and ET_0PM showed a good correlation. However, ET_gage underestimated ET_0PM by approximately 9%. Differences between ET_gage and ET_0PM ranged from −2.4 to 2.2 mm d⁻¹ while the mean bias error was −0.41 mm d⁻¹. Underestimations occurred more frequently on days with low maximum temperatures and high wind speeds. On the contrary, atmometer overestimations occurred on days with high maximum temperatures and low wind speeds. Estimates of ET₀ using the atmometer appeared to be more accurate under non-windy conditions and moderate temperatures as well as under windy conditions and high temperatures. Atmometers 2 and 3 overestimated the evaporated water by atmometer 1 with a maximum variability of cumulative water losses of 4.5%. A temperature-based calibration was performed to improve the atmometer accuracy, using maximum temperature as an independent variable, with good results.     

A discussion on and alternative to the Penman-Monteith equation

The Penman-Monteith (PMe) equation that estimates evaporation from leaf/canopy surfaces is based on a few approximations. Several authors discussed ensuing errors and suggested improvements. This paper reminds those discussions which ended in the early nineties. It compares linearized PMe− with non-linear iterative solutions and illustrates resulting deviations. It differentiates between deviations for daily and hourly evaporation rate estimates. The latter are found to be higher. It also demonstrates deviations obtained at two different altitudes above sea level. Considering present tendencies to refine evaporation estimates for practical purposes and making use of easily available methods for solving non-linear equations this paper offers a new method to estimate evaporation.In a first step, a simple algebraic term, the surface temperature control sum, is introduced to find approximate differences between air and evaporating surface (leaf, canopy) temperatures. It suggests to concentrate research on the r_s/r_a ratio. A new formula is derived for estimating leaf/canopy surface temperatures for non-water stressed plants.In a second step, the estimates of temperature differences are used to calculate evaporation estimates. This two-step approximation leads to appreciably smaller errors as compared to the PMe-solution over the full range of input parameters of agro-meteorological relevance. It is, however, less accurate than some of methods proposed in literature. The method is meant for practical application in agricultural water management.     

针板电极荷电液体射流不稳定性分析

基于荷电液体射流的模型和广义坐标下的Lagrange方程,建立了静电场作用下无粘性液体射流的色散方程,并对该方程进行了数值求解,分析了若干因素对荷电液体射流的轴对称模型和非轴对称模型的影响.研究结果表明:随着电场强度的增大,荷电液体射流的最大扰动增长率增大.低电压时静电场对轴对称射流的不稳定性有显著作用,电压逐渐升高时非轴对称模型逐渐占据主导地位,最终导致液滴的破碎;随着射流半径的减小,荷电液体射流的不稳定性增加,轴对称模型下射流半径的改变对射流不稳定性的影响比非轴对称模型小;不同的液体介质对荷电液体射流不稳定性的影响在非轴对称模型下表现得更为显著.     

基于特征线方程N—S方程非增量型分离算法

为克服传统有限元方法求解流场时由于对流项占优而引起的求解振荡和基函数选择困难的问题,推导了基于特征线方程的粘性不可压N-S方程的增量型和非增量型分离算法的公式及求解步骤,并讨论了两者的Babuska-Brezzi条件.沿着特征线方向,N-S方程的对流项消失,方程矩阵是自伴随矩阵,可以自动满足有限单元法中能量泛函最小的要求,并可以给出合理的粘性耗散项.动量方程的求解采用非增量型分离算法,压力和速度可以采用任意阶次的插值函数,离散后的方程自动满足Babuska-Brezzi条件.为验证算法的可靠性,采用T3P3空间等阶次U-p单元计算了方柱绕流.结果表明：基于特征线方程的非增量型分离算法可以很好地应用于粘性不可压流场的计算,与目前流行的其它方法相比,该算法有明显的优势.