Dietary formic acid enhances apparent digestibility of minerals in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

The effect of dietary formic acid on the availability of phosphorus (P) from a fishmeal-based diet by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), reared in brackish water (5–6 g L⁻¹) was determined. Diets containing a low amount of P (6.0 mg P g⁻¹ dry matter) were acidified with 0, 4 and 10 mL kg⁻¹ formic acid and fed to trout (average weight, 520 g) for 4 weeks. The measured pH of the diets were 6.3, 5.8 and 5.3, respectively. The intestinal solubility of P and the digestibility of P were measured by stripping the faecal matter from the fish. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of P significantly ( P < 0.05) increased from 69.5% to 75.0% of the basal diet in fish fed diets containing 10 mL kg⁻¹ formic acid. The solubility of P in the intestine was highly variable within each treatment, and the differences were not significant. The pH of intestinal content increased with the increase in dietary formic acid concentration. The ADC of magnesium and calcium also showed a significant ( P < 0.05) increase with the acidification of diet by formic acid.     

柠条锦鸡儿组培苗继代培养中矿质元素的吸收规律

比较柠条锦鸡儿在MS、WPM、B5三种基本培养基中对P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu等主要矿质元素的吸收规律,用向量分析方法找出三种基本培养基中的限制因子.结果表明:矿质养分整体供应水平是影响柠条锦鸡儿组培苗吸收矿质元素的关键因子;除此之外,MS培养基的Ca、P水平偏低,WPM和B5培养基的主要限制因子分别为K、Mn和Ca、P、K.     

五大连池重碳酸矿泉水中Mn、Ni离子的健康风险评价

根据五大连池重碳酸矿泉水中Mn、Ni离子的水质监测数据,采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,对重碳酸矿泉水中金属离子Mn、Ni通过饮水途径引起的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明:五大连池重碳酸矿泉水富含Mn、Ni离子,并且Mn、Ni离子含量高于《饮用天然矿泉水》的标准。但是成人每天饮用2.2L五大连池重碳酸矿泉水,矿泉水中躯体毒物质Mn、Ni离子所引起的健康风险度低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5a-1。表明直接饮用五大连池重碳酸矿泉水,Mn、Ni离子对人体健康不会造成危害。     

配施矿物质质有机肥及化肥减量对玉米水肥资源利用率的影响

采用单因素试验设计,在大田栽培条件下研究了配施矿物质有机肥及化肥减量对玉米产量构成及水、肥资源利用率的影响。结果表明,配施矿物质有机肥可以显著的提高玉米的产量、水分利用效率和氮肥、磷肥利用率。在配施矿物质有机肥的条件下,化肥施量较当地最佳施肥水平减量15%和30%时,玉米产量分别达到13948 kg/hm2 、12782 kg/hm2,水分利用效率分别达到1.74 kg/m3、1.62 kg/m3,氮肥利用率分别达到35.97%、30.04%,磷肥利用率分别达到25.93%、21.55%。其中,在当地最佳施肥水平下减量15%并配施矿物质有机肥与当地最佳施肥水平处理的玉米产量没有显著性差异。表明在合理配施矿物质有机肥的条件下,将当前的化肥施量降低15%以内在生产实践中是可行的。     

Indices of soil nitrogen availability for an ecological site classification of British forests

An adequate supply of nitrogen (N) is essential for the successful establishment and sustainable productivity of forest stands. N deficits may necessitate the use of artificial fertilisers. Availability of N in the inorganic forms, and the relative abundance of the NO₃-N and NH₄-N components, influences the species composition of natural forest vegetation. Hence it is essential to use reliable measures of soil N supply that fully reflect its ecological significance. The new Ecological Site Classification (ESC) used in British forestry employs a multi-factorial definition of soil nutrient regime (SNR), including soil N. To develop this, a soil and vegetation study was made at 89 forest sites throughout Great Britain covering the major soil types used for forestry. “Total N” levels were compared with separate pre- and post-incubation measures of the two inorganic N components as potential indices of soil N supply. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the major discriminant chemical variables for the sampled soils were pH, calcium and NO₃-N and that these were also the main variables influencing the species composition of the ground vegetation. Total N and NH₄-N were less effective discriminant variables for these sites. In some infertile soils the levels of NH₄-N or total N may be of greater importance, as NO₃-N is usually in very limited supply. A multivariate gradient of SNR, which incorporates the NO₃-N measures, has been adopted for use within the ESC system. The position of a site on this gradient can be estimated quantitatively from soil type, ground vegetation species composition and humus type. This enables soil N supply and overall SNR to be assessed in a simple but effective way that guides the operational management of British forest soils for sustainable productivity. It will also be possible to use these techniques to monitor the nutritional status of forest sites over time.     

计算机视觉在脱水姜片在线分选中的应用

目前,脱水姜片的分选主要靠人工完成,分选精度不高,结果不稳定.为此,研究设计了一套基于计算机视觉的在线分选装置;开发了基于物料颜色参数的实时算法,对物料图像进行特征提取和一系列处理;运用双缓冲技术提高系统运行速度.试验结果表明,分选出的成品中含有的合格姜片达到95.5%,系统测量速度快、分选精度高且运行稳定,满足在线实时分选要求.     

养分投入和作物根系对土壤微生物氮转化的影响

土壤氮转化的主体是微生物,土壤有机质与根系分泌物是微生物氮转化的驱动力。综述了养分投入和作物根系通过微生物对土壤氮转化的影响。指出化肥或有机肥的投入,通过改变光合产物向根系的分配和土壤难/易有机质的数量,或直接提供微生物底物方式,改变微生物生物量、群落结构、氮转化功能基因的数量或相关酶的产生,从而影响土壤氮的转化;还指出根系通过根系分泌物或根茬还田影响土壤微生物的数量和活性,土壤有机质含量也显著影响微生物氮转化过程。总之,养分投入通过直接或间接方式影响土壤微生物,进而影响土壤养分的存在状态,最终影响作物对养分的吸收。     

植物源蒸馏油对柑橘木虱控制效果的评价

植物源蒸馏油是一种新型植物油,本文探讨了植物源蒸馏油在害虫控制中的应用潜力。以矿物油乳剂为参照,以柑橘木虱为试虫,分析比较植物油蒸馏油的触杀和拒避作用。植物油和矿物油对柑橘木虱的卵、若虫和成虫均有一定的触杀作用,其中对若虫尤其低龄若虫的触杀作用最强,可达90%以上。两种油剂对雌虫产卵均有一定的拒避作用,拒避雌虫产卵维持约2 d。两种油剂对成虫寄主选择没有明显的拒避作用。总体上,植物源蒸馏油对柑橘木虱的触杀作用以及对成虫的拒避作用与矿物油相当。如果进一步改进该植物油的乳化效果,可替代矿物油乳剂应用于害虫防治中。     

Characterization of Aquimarina hainanensis isolated from diseased mud crab Scylla serrata larvae in a hatchery

Mass mortality due to necrosis signs occurred in hatchery-reared zoea stage larvae of the mud crab Scylla serrata in Okinawa, Japan, and a causative bacterium was isolated. In this study, we identified and characterized the bacterium by genome analysis, biochemical properties and pathogenicity. The bacterium was a Gram-negative, non-motile, long rod, forming yellow colonies on a marine agar plate. It grew at 20–33°C (not at 37°C) and degraded chitin and gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence identified the bacterium as Aquimarina hainanensis. Genome sequence data obtained from Illumina MiSeq generated 29 contigs with 3.56 Mbp in total length and a G + C content of 32.5%. The predicted 16 chitinase genes, as putative virulence factors, had certain homologies with those of genus Aquimarina. Experimental infection with the bacterium conducted on larvae of four crustacean species, brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, freshwater shrimp Caridina multidentata, swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus and mud crab S. serrata, revealed that this bacterium was highly virulent to these species. The present study suggests that the bacterium caused mass mortality in mud crab seed production was A. hainanensis and can be widely pathogenic to crustaceans.     

泥坑浓香型白酒窖泥中微生物群落结构与多样性分析

本文采用Illumina PE250测序法对浓香型新窖泥、老窖泥和品质较好的老窖泥中微生物群落结构与多样性进行研究。结果表明:从门水平结构分析,厚壁菌门与子囊菌门分别为浓香型白酒窖泥的优势细菌与优势真菌;从属水平结构上分析,新窖泥的优势菌属是乳酸菌属,优势真菌属是单端孢属;老窖泥与品质较好的老窖泥优势菌属是乳酸菌属,优势真菌属是青霉属。不同窖龄、不同质量的窖泥微生物结构多样性具有显著差异。