中亚热带丘陵区茶园和林地土壤春季2排放及其影响因素

中亚热带地区春季降雨频繁,茶园施肥量大,该季节茶园土壤氧化亚氮（N2O）排放量较高,研究春季茶园土壤N2O排放及其影响因子有一定意义。以中亚热带丘陵区土壤为对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了两种植茶年限茶园和林地土壤春季N2O排放特征及其影响因子。结果表明：茶园N2O排放量明显高于林地,50年茶园N2O排放量明显高于20年茶园,林地N2O的排放量最少;50年茶园、20年茶园和林地土壤春季N2O累积排放量分别为2.07、1.39、0.22 kg·hm-2。两种植茶年限茶园土壤N2O排放通量均与土壤NO-3-N含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,林地土壤N2O排放通量则与土壤NH+4-N含量呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）;茶园和林地土壤N2O排放通量均与5 d累积降雨量之间存在显著的相关性。多元逐步回归分析显示,茶园土壤N2O排放通量受土壤温度和NO-3-N含量影响,共同解释其48%~49%的变化;林地土壤N2O排放通量受土壤温度和NH+4-N含量影响,共同解释其55%的变化。这项研究显示施肥对春季茶园N2O排放的促进作用与降雨有关。     

不同母质发育土壤的中红外吸收光谱特征

选取湘东丘陵区四种典型母质发育土壤(酸性紫色土、花岗岩红壤、板岩红壤和第四纪红土红壤),采集剖面(深至母岩/母质层)样品,应用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究灼烧去除有机质处理、土层深度和母质类型对土壤中红外吸收光谱特征的影响,分析吸收光谱与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,去除有机质后,特征区的中红外吸收值升高,反映矿物质对红外吸收谱线的强烈影响。在剖面上,底土(60~80 cm或100~120 cm)的中红外吸收值高于表土(0~20 cm),与土壤有机质含量的剖面分布相反。四种土壤的中红外光谱均属典型的高岭石图谱。砂粒、粘粒含量与红外吸收值的相关性最好,砂粒含量的最大相关系数(0.51)出现在3700、913和720~540 cm~(-1)附近,粘粒含量的最大相关系数(0.54)出现在1100~694 cm~(-1);本研究表明,原土的中红外吸收光谱特征主要受矿物质的支配,可以很好地反映土壤质地的状况,指示土壤质量变化。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地原生林区土壤矿质元素空间异质性研究

运用经典统计学和地统计学方法研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地原生林保护区土壤矿质元素钙、镁、硅、铁、铝、锰的空间变异和相关关系,结果表明,在喀斯特峰丛洼地原生林区土壤矿质元素存在空间上的异质性。从半变异函数的模型拟合来看,块金值与基台值的比均小于25%的标准,表明变量具有强烈的空间相关性,且由结构性因素引起的空间变异占主导因素。Kriging等值线图显示,在不同的坡位出现了高值区和低值区,硅、铁和铝在中上坡出现高值区,而钙、镁和锰在中下坡出现低值区,这6个指标在研究区域均出现围绕1~3个中心点聚集分布出现高值或低值区,说明气候、母质、地形和微地貌对喀斯特原生林区土壤矿质元素空间变异起主导作用。     

Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model

Based on recent findings in the literature, we developed a process‐oriented conceptual model that integrates all three process groups of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils namely (1) selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds, (2) spatial inaccessibility to decomposer organisms, and (3) interactions of OM with minerals and metal ions. The model concept relates the diverse stabilization mechanisms to active, intermediate, and passive pools. The formation of the passive pool is regarded as hierarchical structured co‐action of various processes that are active under specific pedogenetic conditions. To evaluate the model, we used data of pool sizes and turnover times of soil OM fractions from horizons of two acid forest and two agricultural soils. Selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds is relevant in the active pool and particularly in soil horizons with high C contents. Biogenic aggregation preserves OM in the intermediate pool and is limited to topsoil horizons. Spatial inaccessibility due to the occlusion of OM in clay microstructures and due to the formation of hydrophobic surfaces stabilizes OM in the passive pool. If present, charcoal contributes to the passive pool mainly in topsoil horizons. The importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization in the passive pool is well‐known and increases with soil depth. Hydrophobicity is particularly relevant in acid soils and in soils with considerable inputs of charcoal. We conclude that the stabilization potentials of soils are site‐ and horizon‐specific. Furthermore, management affects key stabilization mechanisms. Tillage increases the importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization, and in Ap horizons with high microbial activity and C turnover, organo‐mineral interactions can contribute to OM stabilization in the intermediate pool. The application of our model showed that we need a better understanding of processes causing spatial inaccessibility of OM to decomposers in the passive pool.     

Landscape,Soil, and Plant Analysis of Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Invasion in the Piedmont Region,SC

Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum), an exotic invasive plant, is native to Southeast Asia. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of Japanese stiltgrass as well as soil and landscape characteristics that correlate with invasion of Japanese stiltgrass around Lake Issaqueena in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) were used to determine the spatial pattern of invasion with respect to the aspect, slope, canopy cover, soils, and distance to roads and trails. Japanese stiltgrass was distributed on both sides of Lake Issaqueena in Pacolet and Madison soil map units (Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) on the average slopes of 21%, but it was particularly common on the eastern shore of the lake in low-lying wet and shaded areas (mean canopy cover 51%). In addition, invasion by Japanese stiltgrass was correlated with the proximity to roads and trails. Plant tissue analysis revealed many differences in the distribution of macronutrients, macrominerals, and micronutrients in the leaves, stems, and roots of Japanese stiltgrass, although those differences were not always statistically significant. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) were the highest in leaves while zinc (Zn) concentrations were the highest in stems and concentrations of magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and sodium (Na) tended to be higher in roots. Carbon (C), sulfur (S), and potassium (K) concentrations were generally higher in above-ground tissues versus roots. Soil chemical analysis revealed no statistical differences between control and invaded plots. Our findings suggest that watershed areas surrounding lakes may be particularly susceptible to the invasion of Japanese stiltgrass due to their microclimates, low-lying wet pathways for seed distribution and recreational uses.     

水氮调控对设施土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响

为探讨水氮调控对设施土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响,通过膜下滴灌设施番茄田间定位试验,采用灌水下限(W_1、W_2、W_3)和施氮量(N_1、N_2、N_3)的两因素三水平随机区组设计,研究水氮调控对休耕期0—30cm土层土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响。结果表明,不同水氮调控下,设施土壤有机氮主要是以酸解态氮为主,总体表现酸解态氮大于非酸解态氮含量。土壤有机氮组分在酸解态氮和非酸解态氮中分配比例差异明显。土壤有机氮各组分含量及占全氮比例的大小顺序为氨基酸氮/氨态氮未知氮氨基糖氮。除氨基糖氮,其余酸解态氮各组分和酸解总氮含量及其占全氮比例均随着土层深度的增加而降低,不同土层含量差异显著(P0.05)。土壤全氮、矿质氮和总有机氮含量随土层深度的增加也呈降低趋势,且含量差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。除氨基糖氮,全氮与其他有机氮各组分、酸解总氮间均达到极显著正相关(P0.01);矿质氮仅与酸解氨态氮及酸解总氮的影响达到极显著(P0.01)和显著正相关(P0.05)。灌水下限、施氮量及水氮交互对设施土壤全氮、矿质氮和总有机氮及有机氮组分影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。因此,设施土壤氮素含量的变化与水氮管理模式紧密相关。氨态氮和氨基酸氮是设施土壤中最主要的有机氮形态,是土壤活性氮中的主要组分,亦是土壤供氮潜力的表征。考虑土壤供氮潜力,灌水下限35kPa、施氮量300kg/hm~2为该设施生产下最优的水氮管理措施。     

Potassium behavior and clay mineral composition in the soil with low effectiveness of potassium application

ABSTRACT

Increasing exchangeable potassium (ExK) content in soil to an appropriate level is important to mitigate the transfer of radioactive cesium to crops. We focused on a buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) field with a low ExK content, despite the application of K, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan (Field A), following the Tokyo Electric Power Company Fukushima Dai-ichi (No. 1) Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011. We examined the relationship between K concentration and clay mineral composition in the soil of Field A and compared the findings with another field in Fukushima Prefecture (Field B) to clarify whether K applied to the soil was leached or remaining fixed. Pot experiments showed that K concentration in water seepage from pots following irrigation was significantly lower in pots from Field A than in those from Field B. Soil ExK content after soybean cultivation was lower in soils of Field A than those of Field B. These results indicate that K applied to Field A was fixed in the soil. Analysis of clay mineral composition confirmed the distinctive vermiculitic nature of Field A soils. This clay mineralogy would be associated with the higher K fixation ability of Field A than Field B soils. This study demonstrated that K fixation in vermiculite was a factor preventing the increase in ExK content from K application to Field A.     

腐植酸对甘薯吸收利用矿质元素的影响

为探讨腐植酸对甘薯吸收利用矿质元素的影响,并为研究甘薯植株及土壤中矿质元素含量的变化情况,在大田生产条件下施用腐植酸。结果表明：施用腐植酸以后,甘薯对各矿质营养元素的吸收积累量均显著增加,增幅为12.87%~29.84%;矿质元素吸收积累量增加与腐植酸提高了不同生长时期甘薯对矿质元素的吸收速率有关,生长后期的吸收速率增幅最大。同时,施用腐植酸提高了收获期土壤中有效P、Ca、Mg和K元素的含量;使N、K、Ca、S、B和Cu的块根生产效率显著提高。施用腐植酸可以改善甘薯的矿质营养条件、提高部分矿质元素的块根生产效率。     

不同水源磁化处理对生菜光合和矿质元素及产量的影响

【目的】探究不同水源磁化处理对生菜光合特性等生理生化和产量的影响。【方法】在日光温室条件下,以意大利生菜为供试对象,采用随机区组设计,设置2个因素:磁化(M)和灌溉水源(T),磁化设置未磁化处理(M0)和磁化处理(M1)2个水平,灌溉水源设置淡水(T1)、再生水(T2)、微咸水(T3)3个水平,共6个处理。通过盆栽试验研究了3种水源磁化处理对生菜净光合速率、抗氧化酶活性、矿质元素及产量等的影响。【结果】不同水源磁化处理灌溉效果有所差异。生长中期,M1T1、M1T2处理分别较M0T1、M0T2处理的净光合速率显著提高11.16%、14.73%。3种水源磁化处理灌溉的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著提高12.77%~23.09%。M1T1、M1T2处理分别较M0T1、M0T2处理的生菜叶片氮质量分数显著提高7.71%、6.83%,生菜产量分别显著提高9.42%、10.15%,但M1T3与M0T3处理的生菜产量无显著差异。不同水源磁化处理的生菜叶片P、Ca、Mg、Na、K质量分数有不同程度的提高,水分利用效率提高5.03%~11.65%。【结论】磁化水灌溉有利于生菜光合等生理生化活动,提高产量和水分利用效率,淡水和再生水磁化效果优于微咸水。     

新疆吐鲁番地区‘无核白’葡萄水分和矿质元素周年吸收规律研究

为探究新疆吐鲁番地区‘无核白’葡萄水分和矿质元素的周年吸收规律,以4年生‘无核白’葡萄为试材,采用密闭式营养液循环供给系统栽培,避免了水分和矿质元素的流失,并设置低、中、高浓度(0.5、1.0和1.5倍标准配方浓度)的Hoagland营养液处理。在葡萄植株的生长发育过程中持续测定营养生长(新梢长度、新梢粗度、叶片面积)和生殖生长(果粒横径、果粒纵径、单果质量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸)指标,检测和计算了不同发育阶段葡萄植株对水分和矿质元素的吸收量,并测定葡萄叶片和果实中矿质元素的含量变化。结果表明,中浓度营养液栽培的‘无核白’葡萄长势中庸,果实品质最佳,作为吐鲁番地区葡萄水分和矿质营养吸收量的参考依据,其生理需水量为每年4 149.5m~3·hm~(-2),矿质元素每公顷的吸收量分别为N 227.9 kg,P 22.9 kg,K 325.9 kg,Ca 341.8 kg,Mg 117.8 kg,Fe 1.9 kg,Mn 460.6 g,Cu 182.3 g,Zn 198.1 g,B 728.3 g。花后47~75 d,‘无核白’葡萄植株的水分和矿质元素吸收速率最大。叶片和果实中的矿质元素含量总体呈高浓度营养液处理中浓度营养液处理低浓度营养液处理的趋势。