烟酰胺对番鸭组织中矿物元素含量的影响

40 0只试验鸭按体重随机分为 5组 ,分别喂以添加了 0、3 0、60、90和 1 2 0 mg·kg- 1烟酰胺的玉米 -豆粕型饲粮 .结果表明 :饲粮中添加 3 0 -1 2 0 mg· kg- 1 烟酰胺可促进 P、Mg、K和 Zn在鸭肝中的沉积 ,但降低了 Na和 Cr在肝和骨中以及K、Cu和 Mn在骨中的沉积 ,说明饲料中添加烟酰胺可影响番鸭体内部分矿物元素的代谢     

不同氮处理下增施CO2对番茄叶片养分含量的影响

为探究不同氮处理对番茄植株叶片养分的影响及增施CO2的效果。以番茄"鸿途"为试验材料,在2个自然光照人工气候室内,采用苗钵基质栽培,设置5个氮素处理的营养液(50、150、250、350、450 mg·L^-1,分别设为N1~N5)、2个CO2浓度(300、600μL·L^-1,分别设为C1、C2),分别测定植株开花期、坐果期、果实膨大期生物量及叶片硝态氮和矿质元素含量。结果表明:中氮处理(N 250~350 mg·L^-1)下,植株干质量、叶片硝态氮含量以及矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量均较高。增施CO2处理后,番茄植株干质量较C1处理增加了10.2%,叶片N、K、Mg含量都增加了20%左右,P含量没有变化,Ca含量降低了25.67%;低氮处理(N 50 mg·L^-1)下,番茄植株干质量、叶片硝态氮含量以及矿质元素N、P、K、Mg、Ca含量均较对照N3处理低。增施CO2处理后,植株的总干质量没有显著增加,其叶片硝态氮含量以及N、P、K含量也没有显著变化,而Ca含量在开花期和坐果期较C1处理分别增加了37.72%、15.45%,Mg含量在开花期较C1处理增加了43.86%;高氮处理(N 450 mg·L^-1)下,植株干质量较N3处理降低了18.03%,叶片硝态氮含量较N3处理增加了111.44%,叶片N、Ca、Mg含量与N3处理接近均较高,P、K含量较N3处理均降低了10%。增施CO2处理后,植株干质量较C1处理增加了35.92%,叶片硝态氮含量增加不显著,叶片N、K、Mg含量较C1处理分别增加了19.06%、27.82%、24.87%,而叶片P含量变化不显著,叶片钙含量在番茄开花期、坐果期和果实膨大期都较低,较C1处理分别降低了21.37%、17.16%、7.75%。综合番茄生长各项指标及经济效益,在营养液N浓度为250~350 mg·L^-1时,增施CO2浓度到600μL·L^-1(C2)最能促进开花期番茄植株叶片养分含量的增加。     

Effect of fertigation frequency on soil nitrogen distribution and tomato yield under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation

Alternate partial root-zone drip fertigation (ADF) is a combination of alternating irrigation and drip fertigation, with the potential to save water and increase nitrogen (N) fertilizer efficiency.  A 2-year greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different fertigation frequencies on the distribution of soil moisture and nutrients and tomato yield under ADF.  The treatments included three ADF frequencies with intervals of 3 days (F3), 6 days (F6) and 12 days (F12), and conventional drip fertigation as a control (CK), which was fertilized once every 6 days.  For the ADF treatments, two drip tapes were placed 10 cm away on each side of the tomato row, and alternate drip irrigation was realized using a manual valve on the distribution tapes.  For the CK treatment, a drip tape was located close to the roots of the tomato plants.  The total N application rate of all treatments was 180 kg ha–1.  The total irrigation amounts applied to the CK treatment were 450.6 and 446.1 mm in 2019 and 2020, respectively; and the irrigation amounts applied to the ADF treatments were 60% of those of the CK treatment.   The F3 treatment resulted in water and N being distributed mainly in the 0–40-cm soil layer with less water and N being distributed in the 40–60-cm soil layer.  The F6 treatment led to 21.0 and 29.0% higher 2-year average concentration of mineral N in the 0–20 and 20–40-cm soil layer, respectively and a 23.0% lower N concentration in the 40–60-cm soil layer than in the CK treatment.  The 2-year average tomato yields of the F3, F6, F12, and CK treatments were 107.5, 102.6, 87.2, and 98.7 t ha–1, respectively.  The tomato yield of F3 was significantly higher (23.3%) than that in the F12 treatment, whereas there was no significant difference between the F3 and F6 treatment.  The F6 treatment resulted in yield similar to the CK treatment, indicating that ADF could maintain tomato yield with a 40% saving in water use.  Based on the distribution of water and N, and tomato yield, a fertigation frequency of 6 days under ADF should be considered as a water-saving strategy for greenhouse tomato production.     

黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型土壤微观结构特征

黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型盐碱土微观结构的研究,对认识该地区盐碱土的工程性质和对滨海盐碱地治理具有重要意义。该研究结合粒度分析(particle size distribution,PSD)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、压汞(mercury intrusion porosimetry,MIP)和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)方法,对3种不同土地利用类型盐碱土的微观结构进行定量分析,旨在揭示其微观特性,为黄河三角洲盐碱地治理提供微观理论依据。结果表明:不同土地利用类型下的土壤黏粒含量表现大小依次为农田、滩地、草地,而土壤孔隙度大小依次为草地、滩地、农田;农田、草地与滩地盐碱土矿物成分中,石英、方解石和钠长石等原生矿物占绝对优势,仅含少量黏土矿物,且农田黏土矿物含量远大于草地与滩地;草地与滩地盐碱土孔隙特征类似,两者在0.1≤孔隙直径<10μm范围内小孔隙与微孔隙占有绝对优势,而农田盐碱土以孔隙直径在<2μm范围内的微孔隙与超微孔隙为主。农田盐碱土由致密片状、扁平状结构与微裂隙构成,骨架颗粒间由黏土矿物胶结;草地盐碱土由紧密镶嵌的块状颗粒和架空孔隙构成,骨架颗粒间无胶结;滩地盐碱土由紧密堆积的粒状颗粒和粒间孔隙构成,骨架颗粒间无胶结。研究成果可提高对黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型盐碱土微观结构的认识,为滨海盐碱地的治理、利用和开发提供了微观尺度上的依据。     

矿质元素对稻米品质影响研究进展

水稻是世界上重要的粮食作物,稻米品质是水稻遗传特性与生长环境、栽培技术互作的结果,矿质元素对稻米品质的形成具有重要作用。本文综述了不同矿质元素对稻米品质的影响,分别总结了大量元素、中量元素和微量元素对稻米品质的不同影响。受多种因素影响,同一矿质元素对稻米品质影响的研究结果不尽相同;矿质元素对稻米品质的影响存在品种间和不同稻米品质间差异,而且在稻米品质形成过程中,不同矿质元素起的作用及作用程度也不尽相同;矿质元素对稻米品质的影响具有多向性,且不同矿质元素间存在一定的互作关系,施用中很难兼顾到稻米品质的每一个指标。生产中应根据实际情况,因地制宜、适时适量、合理运筹,最大程度提高稻米的整体品质。     

Assessment of dietary lecithin and cholesterol requirements of mud crab, Scylla serrata, megalopa using semi-purified microbound diets

The effects of varying dietary lecithin and cholesterol levels on growth, development and survival of mud crab, Scylla serrata, megalopa were evaluated using six semi‐purified, microbound diets formulated to be iso‐energetic and containing three levels of supplemental lecithin (0, 20 and 40 g kg⁻¹ diet dry weight) and two levels of supplemental cholesterol (0 and 7 g kg⁻¹ diet dry weight). Fifteen megalopa were reared individually in each treatment and the nutritional value of diets was assessed on basis of mean dry weight and mean carapace width of newly settled first crab stage, as well as development time to the first crab stage and overall survival. A significant interaction between supplemental dietary lecithin and supplemental dietary cholesterol was found for final mean dry weight of newly settled crabs, and highest survival (60%) was recorded for megalopa fed diets containing the highest levels of dietary lecithin (39.7–44.1 g kg⁻¹) (diet 5 and 6) regardless of whether diets were supplemented with cholesterol; this rate of survival was identical to that of megalopa fed live Artemia nauplii. The results indicate that supplemental dietary cholesterol may not be essential for mud crab megalopa when fed diets containing sufficient levels of supplemental dietary phospholipids.     

Vitamin and mineral supplementation and rate of gain during the first trimester of gestation affect concentrations of amino acids in maternal serum and allantoic fluid of beef heifers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding vitamin and mineral (VTM) supplement and (or) rate of gain (GAIN) during early gestation on amino acid (AA) concentrations in allantoic fluid (ALF) and amniotic fluid (AMF) and maternal serum. Seventy-two crossbred Angus heifers (initial BW = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with main effects of VTM supplement (VTM or NoVTM) and rate of gain (GAIN; low gain [LG], 0.28 kg/d, vs. moderate gain [MG], 0.79 kg/d). The VTM treatment (113 g•heifer⁻¹•d⁻¹, provided macro and trace minerals and vitamins A, D, and E to meet 110% of the requirements specified by the NASEM in Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/19014, 2016) was initiated 71 to 148 d before artificial insemination (AI). To complete the factorial arrangement of treatments, at breeding heifers were either maintained on the basal diet (LG), or received MG diet which was implemented by adding a protein/energy supplement to the LG diet. Thirty-five gestating heifers with female fetuses were ovariohysterectomized on d 83 of gestation and maternal serum, ALF, and AMF were collected. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of neutral AA: Ala, Asn, Cys, Gln, Gly, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr, and Val; cationic AA: Arg, His, and Lys; and anionic AA: Asp and Glu. In serum, a VTM × GAIN interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for Glu, with greater concentrations for VTM-LG than VTM-MG. Concentrations of serum Cys, Met, and Trp were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for MG than LG. In ALF, concentrations of Glu were affected by a VTM × GAIN interaction, where VTM-MG was greater (P < 0.01) than all other treatments. Further, ALF from VTM had increased (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of His, Asp, and 12 of the 14 neutral AA; whereas GAIN affected concentrations of Arg, Cys, and Asp, with greater concentrations (P ≤ 0.05) in MG heifers. In AMF, AA concentrations were not affected (P ≥ 0.10) by VTM, GAIN, or their interaction. In conclusion, increased concentrations of AA in maternal serum and ALF of beef heifers were observed at d 83 of gestation in response to VTM supplementation and rate of gain of 0.79 kg/d, which raises important questions regarding the mechanisms responsible for AA uptake and balance between the maternal circulation and fetal fluid compartments.     

奶牛秸秆型日粮矿物质营养水平评价

对淄博地区奶牛营养两次调查过程中,发现秸杆型日粮饲喂的奶牛可能存在矿物质缺乏问题。针对这一问题,测定日粮中钙、磷、铜、锰、铁、锌和奶牛血液中铜、锰、铁、锌元素的浓度,用以评价秸杆型日粮奶牛矿物质营养水平。结果表明:①秸杆型日粮存在矿物质营养不平衡问题,锰、锌元素不足,铁元素过剩。②秸杆型日粮矿物质营养具有互补作用。③评价奶牛矿物质营养水平的手段有待改进。     

Dietary inclusion of dehydrated bocaiuva pulp increases the antioxidant potential of quail eggs

The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary supplementation of different levels of dehydrated bocaiuva pulp (DBP) on the productive performance of laying quails, and on lipid oxidation, and quality in their eggs. A total of 120 quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% of DBP), five replicates and four birds per experimental unit. To evaluate lipid oxidation, the eggs were collected on five consecutive days at the end of the trial and distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 6 × 5 factorial scheme (eggs from quails fed different levels of DBP × evaluated fresh and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days). The antioxidant potential of diets was improved (p < 0.05) when the DBP was added estimated as 2,2'‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazolin‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging capacity. No effect (p > 0.05) was observed on feed intake, hen‐day egg production and feed conversion (kg/kg and kg/dz). There were no changes (p > 0.05) in the egg weight, Haugh unit, yolk index or eggshell percentage. Although no difference was observed (p > 0.05), when comparing each level with the control, a negative linear effect (p < 0.05) on specific gravity was observed. In addition, only the treatment with 0.5% pulp exhibited lower (p < 0.05) eggshell thickness compared with the control (0%). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) analysis showed that as the dietary pulp level was increased, malondialdehyde content decreased linearly (p < 0.05) in the egg yolks, regardless of the storage period. Inclusion of DBP in the diets had no effect (p > 0.05) on the concentration of conjugated dienes in the eggs. The diets containing DBP showed a potential antioxidant effect, reducing the degree of lipid oxidation in egg yolk. However, no beneficial effects were observed on performance and egg quality.     

钙锌对蛋用型鸡育成期体组织中矿物元素含量的影响

试验研究了在玉米—豆饼型基础饲粮中添加不同水平锌和钙对蛋用型鸡育成期体组织中矿物元素含量的影响。结果表明,随着饲粮锌水平的提高,肝脏(P<0.01)、肾脏(P<0.05)、胰脏(P<0.01)中锌含量显著升高,而肺脏中锌含量没有显著变化(P>0.05)。饲粮高钙对组织中锌含量的影响未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。饲粮高锌使肝脏磷含量(P<0.05)、肾脏磷(P<0.01)和铜含量(P<0.05)、肺脏钙(P<0.01)和镁含量(P<0.01)显著降低。饲粮商钙使胰脏铜含量(P<0.05)显著提高,使胰脏锰含量显著降低(P<0.05)。