不同土地利用方式对高原喀斯特洼地土壤主要特性的影响

[目的]研究不同土地利用方式对高原喀斯特洼地土壤主要特性的影响。[方法]通过1∶10000地形图对特定高原喀斯特洼地不同土地利用方式进行划分与归类,分层取样分析土壤剖面特性、理化性质变化。[结果]土层（A＋B层）厚度的变化趋势为坡耕（退耕林）地〉天然林地〉人工林地〉灌木林地,土壤剖面特征、水源涵养、颗粒组成、土壤肥力与肥力有效性的相关指标在不同利用方式间发生了相似或相异的规律性变化。土壤综合质量指数的变化趋势为耕地〉退耕林地〉坡耕地、天然林地〉人工林地。耕地土壤综合质量最高,是自然成土和人为经营的结果。3～5年的退耕林地土壤综合质量高于坡耕地,表明造林措施是改善喀斯特洼地坡耕地土壤质量的有效手段。天然林土壤综合质量高于人工林地,这为利用＂近自然经营＂技术改善喀斯特洼地土壤质量提供了依据。[结论]该研究可为喀斯特地区石漠化的生物治理、土壤质量演化的生物学控制技术提供理论依据。     

玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破降解产物的分析

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和气质联用(GC-MS)色谱技术对玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破降解产物进行分析.玉米秸秆经蒸汽爆破预处理后,其纤维素、半纤维素和木质素降解损失分别为9.60%、47.98%和17.55%.采用HPLC对碳水化合物降解和分解产物定量分析,100g玉米秸秆预处理后,产生甲酸2.10g、乙酸2.00g、乙酰丙酸0.10g、5-羟甲基糠醛0.08g和糠醛0.13g.采用GC-MS对木质素和提取物降解产物定性分析,共检测出14种芳香类化合物、22种脂肪酸类化合物和5种呋喃化合物.     

人工草地植被重建对退化红壤化学性质和酶活性的影响

选用常用的栽培牧草截叶胡枝子和宽叶雀稗在退化红壤进行草地植被重建,研究人工草地植被重建对退化红壤化学性质和酶活性的影响。结果表明,通过种草及管理措施,人工草地植被重建显著影响红壤质量。重建后的人工草地土壤pH值升高,土壤有机质、全N、全P和速效养分含量增加,土壤中过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、脲酶活性提高,而对全钾和多酚氧化酶没有规律性影响。草地植被重建对土壤养分和土壤酶活性的增加表现为对上层土壤的影响大于下层土壤,这种影响增加了红壤丘陵草地土壤肥力的垂直分异。     

基于QuickBird卫星影像的沈阳城市森林景观格局

运用景观生态学原理、GIS技术和景观格局分析软件Fragstats,选取斑块数、斑块面积、斑块密度、Shannon多样性指数、分维数、聚集度等指标,对沈阳城市森林景观格局进行了分析.结果表明:沈阳三环内城市森林斑块数为42 703个,森林面积101.24 km2;斑块数以附属林为主,占总数的65%,斑块面积以生态公益林最大,占总面积的47%;城市森林总体呈现斑块分布不均衡,结构不合理.附属林和道路林的破碎化程度高,分布分散,形状最为复杂;风景游憩林破碎化程度低,自然连接性和聚集度较好.沈阳城市森林整体景观多样性高,均匀度接近于1,优势度较小,表明斑块类型丰富,景观中优势类型不明显,异质性高.     

Spatial distribution of dead wood and the occurrence of five saproxylic fungi in old-growth timberline spruce forests in northern Finland

Abstract

Adequate understanding of the factors that determine the establishment and survival of dead-wood-dependent species in natural forests is a prerequisite to the successful maintenance of these species in managed forests. This study investigated the factors affecting the occurrence of five wood-inhabiting polypores in old-growth timberline spruce forests in northern Finland, including the substrate availability and the spatial arrangement of large-diameter logs. The volume of coarse woody debris (CWD) varied significantly between the sites (range 15–30 m³ ha^?1), large-diameter logs comprising on average 35% of the total CWD volume. However, the within-site variation in CWD volume was 10–15 times larger than the between-site variation. The spatial distribution of large-diameter logs was aggregated or initially aggregated on four sites and random on one site, creating local patches of high CWD volume. An individual target species occurred on average on 8% of all large-diameter logs, and on 11% of optimal logs (as determined by the decay stage). The characteristics of the logs and stand variables explained partly the occurrence of the target species; furthermore, the mortality pattern of trees (stem breakage versus uprooting) and the presence of primary decomposers also significantly affected the occurrence of the target species. The results indicate that besides substrate availability and quality, local habitat factors and species interactions also play a role in the occurrence of wood-inhabiting fungi in boreal timberline forests.     

森林恢复定义及恢复后生态系统碳储量变化分析

森林恢复在减缓全球气候变暖方面的作用正受到越来越多人的关注。文中探讨森林恢复的定义,概述退化地和退耕地采取森林恢复措施后其生态系统碳储量的变化以及影响恢复过程中植被和土壤碳储量的因素,并提出森林恢复后生态系统碳储量变化研究存在的不足及未来发展趋势。     

环境因子对广西典型岩溶区土壤温度空间结构的影响

[目的]探索空间异质性较大的岩溶区的土壤温度空间自相关尺度及其空间结构,分析影响典型岩溶区土壤温度空间结构的主要环境因子。[方法]应用经典统计学方法与"3S"技术。[结果]不同深度土壤温度的空间分布均存在高度的正向全局空间自相关和明显的空间聚集区,各深度土壤温度的空间孤立区分布较少;影响不同深度土壤温度空间分异的环境因子排序为:土壤厚度坡度植被覆盖度高程。[结论]土壤厚度对土壤温度的影响,实质上是岩溶环境的综合反映。坡度、高程等地形因子是造成土壤逆温结构的主要影响因素。此外,土壤温度的空间分异还会受到植被覆盖"遮蔽作用"或"保温效应"的影响。     

Changes in Buprestidae (Coleoptera) community with successional age after fire in a Pinus brutia forest

Fire is a frequent and common disturbance factor in Mediterranean ecosystems. It is a most spectacular ecological force because it destroys ecosystems in a very short time. Pinus brutia Ten. forests, which are one of the most widespread ecosystems in the eastern Mediterranean rim, have developed adaptations against fire. The adaptations evolved by plant species have been studied extensively. However, the response of insects, which are an important part of the ecosystem, has received little attention. In this study, we investigated the effects of fire on the community structure of Buprestidae over the long term and along a successional gradient. The study was carried out at the Marmaris National Park (N 36°50, E 28°17), which is located in southwestern Turkey. Four sites were selected to represent the different stages of succession. Buprestids were sampled using sweep nets with a 32-cm diameter that were swung 200 times while walking along a 100-m transect in three sampling lines. Total abundance, species richness and the Shannon diversity index were used in order to compare the Buprestidae community at different successional stages. Twenty-seven individuals belonging to 11 species were found. Total abundance and species richness decreased with successional age. Both parameters were significantly and negatively correlated with time since fire (respectively r_s=–0.547, P=0.013, n=20; r_s=–0.479, P=0.033, n=20). The results showed that fire affects the Buprestidae community through food supply and changes of habitat. Buprestidae species benefited from conditions that occurred after fire. Weakened trees, spread branches and trunks constituted suitable food resources for the wood-boring beetles in early successional sites. In addition, because of the low abundance of Buprestidae species, no damages were observed on pine seedlings in early successional sites.     

西南岩溶地区地下水污染及防治途径

岩溶地下水资源是西南岩溶山区最重要的生活生产用水来源,也是西南岩溶地区实现社会经济与生态建设全面可持续发展的重要保障。在分析西南岩溶山区地下水资源开发利用状况的基础上,对西南岩溶地区地下水污染现状及特点进行了调查分析。结果显示,西南岩溶地区地下水污染源主要来自城市经济活动、工矿开采及"三废"排放、农业生产面源污染、农村生活垃圾污染4个方面。提出了加强岩溶地区地下水调查及定位监测;加强水环境保护的宣传教育,提高村民水环境保护意识;调整产业结构,推进农村垃圾集中处理;发展有机生态农业;推进农村生态环境综合治理及地下水污染治理技术攻关等相应的防治与调控对策,认为防治岩溶地下水污染的关键在于预防。     

典型岩溶湖泊湿地流域土地利用动态及模拟预测

为了掌握和揭示普者黑流域土地利用动态的变化特征,以TM影像数据为基础,采用GIS、数理统计等技术手段,对1990—2015年6期(每5年1期)的普者黑岩溶湖泊湿地流域影像进行解译,分别从土地利用动态度和土地利用结构方面分析该研究区25 a的土地利用变化特征,并基于CA-Markov模型对研究区未来30 a土地利用结构变化进行预测.结果表明:(1)1990—2015年普者黑流域土地利用结构变化表现出明显的差异,从土地利用动态度来看,未利用地利用动态度变化最大,其次是建筑用地、湿地和农地,林地和园地利用动态度变化最缓慢;从各土地利用类型间相互转化来看,转出面积以农地和林地为主,转入面积以农地、林地和湿地为主.(2)未来30 a研究区土地利用格局变化总体上体现了以农地为主,以林地、建筑用地和湿地为辅的特征,土地利用变化趋势与前25 a的演变规律基本保持一致.(3)与1990—2015年相比,2015—2045年普者黑岩溶湖泊流域土地利用格局出现了一些新特征,原有建筑用地增长率明显提高,湿地增长率降低,农地和林地面积先增加后减少.