湘南典型残次阔叶林人工促进更新技术研究

于2003年在湖南省汝城县益将国有林场天然残次阔叶林内设置试验样地和对照样地各3个,采用林地清理、补植、补播等手段促进天然更新,并分别于2006年和2011年进行2次人工促进干预;同时,在6个样地内各设置3个样方,共计18个样方,分别于2003、2008、2013年冬,对幼树、幼苗、萌条的数量及地径进行统计,并对样方内胸径≥5 cm的立木进行每木调查。结果表明:种子补播保存率43%,幼苗补植保存率20%,平均保存率32%。树高≤30 cm且地径0.5 cm、31 cm≤树高≤50 cm且0.5 cm地径0.7 cm幼树的数量下降率分别是对照样地的17.5%、21.59%,树高≥51 cm且地径0.7 cm幼树的数量下降率是对照样地的121.66%。2008年单位面积蓄积量是对照样地的2.28倍,2013年达到3.80倍;经过10年更新,单位面积蓄积量是试验前的11.57倍,对照样地单位面积蓄积量仅是试验前的2.55倍;单位面积蓄积量是对照样地的4.54倍。人工促进天然更新所需的人工成本为1 860元/hm2,仅为同期人工营造杉木幼林所需人工成本5 310元/hm2的35%。     

Object‐Based Mapping of Karst Rocky Desertification using a Support Vector Machine

Accurate and cost‐effective mapping of karst rocky desertification (KRD) is still a challenge at the regional and national scale. Visual interpretation has been utilised in the majority of studies, while an automated method based on pixel data has been investigated repeatedly. An object‐based method coupling with support vector machine (SVM) was developed and tested using Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images from three selected counties (Liujiang, Changshun and Zhenyuan) with different karst landscapes in SW China. The method supports a strategy of defining a mapping unit. It combined ETM+ images and ancillary data including elevation, slope and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index images. A sequence of scale parameters estimation, image segmentation, training data sampling, SVM parameters tuning and object classification was performed to achieve the mapping. A quantitative and semi‐automated approach was used to estimate scale parameters for segmenting an object at an optimal scale. We calculated the sum of area‐weighted standard deviation (WS), rate of change for WS, local variance (LV) and rate of change for LV at each scale level, and the threshold of the aforementioned index that indicated the optimal segment level and merge level. The KRD classification results had overall accuracies of 85·50, 84·00 and 84·86 per cent for Liujiang, Changshun and Zhenyuan, respectively, and kappa coefficients are up to 0·8062, 0·7917 and 0·8083, respectively. This approach mapped six classes of KRD and offered a visually appealing presentation. Moreover, it proposed a conceptual and size‐variable object from the classification standard of KRD. The results demonstrate that the application of our method provides an efficient approach for the mapping of KRD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

管理措施对三江源区"黑土滩"土壤肥力及土壤酶活性的影响

对三江源区典型退化草地“黑土滩”采取施肥及种植垂穗披碱草的恢复措施,结果表明,土壤中的全氮与有机质的相关性显著,全磷与有机质的相关性较明显,变化趋势相一致。短期的恢复措施造成了恢复样地20~30 cm土壤层中有机质、全氮和全磷含量的下降,长期的恢复措施使恢复样地中的这3种营养物质的含量得到了上升;人工种植措施使土壤中的全钾含量显著下降(P<0.05)。此外,速效养分的变化不一致,其中速效氮的含量表现为先降低后升高,速效磷和速效钾的含量变化表现出升高趋势。植被恢复对土壤脲酶活性有促进作用,但蔗糖酶活性没表现出规律性变化;这2种酶的活性与速效养分的含量表现出较强的正相关,而与有机质和全价养分的含量相关性不显著。     

天然草地机械化改良技术研究进展

为了进一步了解国内外天然草地机械化改良技术,为今后的相关研究提供借鉴与参考,同时探索我国天然草地机械化改良技术的发展方向,对国内外近几年天然草地机械化改良技术进行了总结分析。分析认为,土壤与机具是改良退化天然草地的两大重要因素。国内外草地机械化改良技术主要包括机械化松土、施肥、补播等技术,改良机械有所不同;与国外草地机械化改良技术相比,我国草地机械化改良技术有一定限制,改良机具规格与作业范围有限,专用改良机具研究较少,退化草地土壤与作业机具作用关系的研究较少。我国天然草地机械化改良技术研究的方向是:以退化天然草地土壤为基础元素,进行退化草地土壤与改良机具作用关系研究;针对不同牧草品种与不同作业地形,研究有针对性的改良机具;进行天然草地打孔透气机械研究;探索性研究草地液态肥施肥机械。     

岩溶地区生态环境可持续发展的生态足迹分析

本文以西南岩溶地区清镇市为例,采用生态足迹的理论和模型对2005年清镇市区域生态足迹状况进行了测算和分析,并与不同区域进行比较。结果表明:①清镇市2005年的人均生态足迹为2.5440hm2,超过了它的人均生态承载力;②清镇市2005年人均生态赤字为2.1240hm2,表明清镇市处于一种不可持续的发展状态;③清镇市2005年万元GDP生态足迹为2.8139hm2,高于中国西部的平均水平,资源利用为粗放消耗型。针对清镇市生态赤字的状况,提出了缓解该市生态压力、提高生态承载力的建议。     

Prediction of pine mistletoe infection using remote sensing imaging: A comparison of the artificial neural network model and logistic regression model

In this study, the prediction of pine mistletoe distribution in Scots pine ecosystems was explored using remote sensing variables to compare the multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network (ANN) and logistic regression (LR) model performances. For this purpose, 109 sample plots were distinguished in pure Scots pine forests (natural) in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Distinguishing mistletoe-infected stands (69) and uninfected stands (40) was performed with field observations. The variables acquired from Landsat 8 (Level 1) images were used as independent variables for independent-sample t-test, MLP ANN and LR models. Remote sensing variables indicated that mistletoe-infected stands were in drier areas with a lower vegetation-leaf area index. Based on the performance results of both models, the sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of the MLP ANN model were superior to those of the LR model. The prediction percentages (SEN, SPE, PPV and NPV) of mistletoe-infected stands were better than the prediction percentages of uninfected stands. The prediction accuracies of LR and MLP ANN models were 74.3% and 89.6%, respectively. However, all remote sensing variables were included in the prediction equation of the MLP ANN model, while the thermal infrared 1 (TIRS1) variable was included in the LR model. In the MLP ANN model, the TIRS1 variable also had the highest normalized importance (100%). The area under the curve (AUC) value for identifying the mistletoe-infected stands of Scots pine forests used by the MLP ANN model (0.892 ± 0.034) was higher than in the LR model (0.838 ± 0.039), explaining the more accurate predictions obtained from the MLP ANN model. The MLP ANN model showed much better performance than the LR model. The results of this study are expected to make important contributions to the identification of potential mistletoe-infected areas.     

城市林业的研究现状与发展

简述城市林业的兴起与发展、概念与范围,以及城市林业的效益和国内外在城市林业方面的研究现状,论述我国城市林业的发展趋势。     

滇东岩溶山地不同类型云南松林地土壤团聚体稳定性差异

[目的]研究滇东岩溶山地不同类型云南松林地土壤团聚体稳定性差异,为岩溶脆弱生境土壤培肥、质量提升、水土固持提供依据。[方法]通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了滇东岩溶山地云南松纯林、云南松人工混交林、云南松天然混交林、灌丛和原生林5种植被类型水稳性团聚体及团聚体有机碳分布特征,揭示不同类型云南松林团聚体稳定性差异。[结果]①云南松纯林、人工混交林和天然混交林的0.25 mm粒径质量分数(5.77%～9.39%)显著低于灌丛(20.92%)和原生林(27.47%)(p0.05),且人工混交林和天然混交林5 mm,2～5 mm粒径质量分数高于纯林。②湿筛处理的0.25 mm水稳性团聚体比例(R_(0.25))排序为:人工混交林天然混交林纯林灌丛原生林;平均重量直径(MWD)排序为:人工混交林天然混交林原生林灌丛纯林;几何平均直径(GMD)排序为:人工混交林天然混交林原生林纯林灌丛;分形维数(D)排序为:原生林灌丛纯林天然混交林人工混交林。③纯林、人工混交林、天然混交林的大粒级团聚体(0.25 mm)对土壤有机碳的贡献率高于小粒级团聚体(0.25 mm),且5,2～5,0. 25 mm粒径水稳性土壤团聚体有机碳含量均显著小于灌丛、原生林(p0.05)。[结论]云南松人工混交林的土壤团聚体稳定性最高,其养分积累和固碳能力低于灌丛和原生林,高于纯林,作为该区域水土保持的主要植被类型时需要避免人为干扰以提高土壤养分。     

基于水土流失敏感性的岩溶地区景观生态风险评价——以黔南州为例

为揭示岩溶地区水土流失与生态格局的相关性,分析水土流失敏感性背景下景观生态风险的空间特征。以黔南州为研究对象,融合RUSLE模型和ERI评价方法,在分析水土流失敏感性的基础上,对县域尺度的景观生态风险进行了定量化评价。结果表明:（1） 黔南州水土流失敏感性以中度、轻度和低敏感区为主,其总面积为22 974.42 km²,比重达88.86%,但重度、极度敏感区面积仅占11.14%,且降水侵蚀力、地表起伏度和石漠化等级的空间相关性高。（2） 低生态风险区主要由水土流失轻度、不敏感区构成,耕地面积比重大（72.07%）,高生态风险区则以中度、重度敏感区为主,且建设用地面积比重大,说明水土流失敏感性就越高,则区域生态风险越高。上述研究表明,从水土流失敏感性的角度评价景观生态风险,融合了景观格局和水土流失状况等信息,不仅丰富了区域生态风险评价方法,也为区域生态保护与修复提供了决策依据。     

不同恢复方式下退化岩溶山区土壤微生物特性

为了探讨恢复方式对退化岩溶山区土壤生化特性的影响,对贵州南部岩溶山区退化地、不同恢复方式和对照原始林下土壤养分、微生物活性及群落结构进行了比较研究。结果表明:与退化地相比,不同恢复方式下土壤养分和微生物特性指标都有不同程度的提高;相对于对照原始林,不同恢复方式下大部分土壤养分和微生物功能活性指标的恢复程度分别为40%~75%和27%~60%,暗示着退化岩溶山区土壤微生物功能活性恢复滞后于土壤养分恢复;除土壤有效磷和蔗糖酶活性外,人工恢复方式(花椒和人还)的大部分土壤养分含量和土壤微生物活性恢复程度分别为对照的34%~47%和17%~47%,均低于自然恢复方式(还草和自还)的土壤养分和微生物活性恢复程度(对照的52%~78%和31%~61%),意味着自然恢复方式提高土壤质量效果优于人工恢复方式;不同恢复方式下植被状况影响着退化岩溶土壤细菌的分子群落结构,但不同恢复方式间土壤细菌种的丰富度和多样性差异均不明显。