Alteration of the haemocyte parameters,expression of immune‐related and neurohormone bursicon genes of giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) in the response to salinity stress and ammonia stress

We examined the effects of salinity stress and ammonia stress on alteration of the haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, expressions of immune‐related genes including prophenoloxidase (proPO), crustin, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and expressions of stress‐responsive neurohormone (Bur‐α and Bur‐β) in the thoracic and abdominal ganglia of giant river prawn Macrobrachium. These parameters of prawn that subjected to salinity stress (transferred from 0‰ to 5‰ and 10‰), and subjected to ammonia‐nitrogen (ammonia‐N) stress (transferred from 0 to 0.262 mg/L and 0.786 mg/L) were examined after 0, 3, 6, 24, 72 and 168 hr respectively. During the initial period of 3, 6 and 24 hr, granulocyte haemocyte (granular and semi‐granular hemocyte) count and PO activity significantly decreased, while expressions of Bur‐α and Bur‐β significantly increased. After 24 hr, granulocyte haemocyte count and PO activity significantly increased, whereas expressions of Bur‐α and Bur‐β significantly decreased. The expressions of proPO, crustin and HSP70 were significantly downregulated in the prawn that subjected to salinity stress and ammonia‐N stress at all time periods of 3–168 hr. In conclusion, changes in the granulocyte haemocyte count of M. rosenbergii following salinity stress and ammonia‐N stress are closely associated with the changes of Bur‐α and Bur‐β expressions.     

IL-1β在鱼类皮肤免疫应答中的作用机制

正白细胞介素1(interleukin 1,IL-1)是一种重要的促炎性细胞因子,是体内调节免疫和炎症反应的中心介质,在哺乳动物中已发现11种IL-1家族成员,包括IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-1ra、IL-18、IL-1F5和IL-33等[1],目前在鱼类中只发现了IL-1β和IL-18。研究表明,IL-1β在鱼类皮肤免疫应答中起重要作     

Effects of dietary live or heat‐inactivated autochthonous Bacillus pumilus SE5 on growth performance,immune responses and immune gene expression in grouper Epinephelus coioides

To evaluate the possible dietary application of live and heat‐inactivated probiotic Bacillus pumilus SE5 in grouper Epinephelus coioides, juveniles (14.6 ± 0.2 g) were fed either a basal control diet (without probiotic) or the basal diet supplemented with 1.0 × 10⁸ CFU g^?1 live (T1) and heat‐inactivated B. pumilus SE5 (T2). The heat‐inactivated probiotic significantly improved the final weight, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) at day 60 and significantly decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) at day 30 and 60, while the viable probiotic significantly decreased the FCR at day 60 (P < 0.05). Phagocytic activity, serum complement C3 and IgM levels as well as SOD activity elevated significantly in fish fed the heat‐inactivated probiotic for 60 days (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the heat‐inactivated probiotic remarkably up‐regulated expression of TLR2 and pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐8 and IL‐1β) in head kidney (P < 0.05), but the viable probiotic failed to do so. These results indicated that heat‐inactivated B. pumilus SE5 can effectively improve the growth performance and immune responses of E. coioides.     

氨氮与拥挤胁迫对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏抗氧化指标的联合影响

采用中心复合试验设计(CCD)和响应曲面方法(response surface methodology,RSM),探讨了氨氮(0.02 ～ 2.00 mg/L)和养殖密度(1～5尾/10 L)对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏抗氧化指标的联合影响.结果表明,本试验条件下,氨氮和养殖密度的一次与二次效应对特定生长率有显著影响(P＜0.05),随着氨氮或养殖密度的上升,特定生长率呈先上升后下降的变化.氨氮与养殖密度之间存在互作效应(P＜0.05),氨氮浓度为0.02 ～0.20 mg/L,养殖密度在1～2尾/10 L时,幼鱼特定生长率较高;而氨氮浓度高于0.20 mg/L,养殖密度在3尾/10 L左右时,生长速度较快.肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量随氨氮浓度和养殖密度的上升而上升,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力呈先上升后下降的变化.氨氮与养殖密度的一次效应对MDA含量和两种酶活力均有显著影响(P＜0.05),二次效应对两种酶活力的表达有极显著影响(P＜0.01);氨氮与养殖密度对CAT活力有互作效应,高浓度氨氮与高养殖密度环境会抑制SOD和CAT活力的表达.因子与响应值间二次多项回归方程的决定系数分别达到0.972 4、0.913 2、0.938 9和0.969 2(P＜0.01),可用于预测;氨氮效应对生长和抗氧化酶活力的影响较养殖密度明显.建议在罗非鱼的养殖过程中合理安排好养殖密度,保持溶氧充足,降低氨氮胁迫,提高罗非鱼的生长与抗病力.     

一品红不同品种叶片叶绿素荧光特性比较

 利用叶绿素荧光技术测定了一品红4个品种‘金多利’、‘圣诞天使’、‘索诺拉飞雪’、‘旗帜’叶片光强依赖的叶绿素荧光特性。结果表明: ‘金多利’初始荧光( F_o ) 、最大荧光( F_m ) 和可变荧光( F_v ) 值极显著高于其它3个品种。在各个光强( PAR, 0～2 171μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1} ) 下, 表观电子传递速率( rETR) 、实际光化学效率(Yield) 和光化学淬灭( q_P ) 的变化趋势一致, 均为‘金多利’ > ‘圣诞天使’ > ‘索诺拉飞雪’ > ‘旗帜’, 在高PAR下这种差异更明显。拟合参数最大潜在相对电子传递速率( rETR_max ) 、半饱和光强( Ik) 和光抑制参数(β) 也同rETR等具有一致变化。说明‘金多利’有较高的PSⅡ活性, 耐强光; 而‘旗帜’则光化学效率较弱, 高光强下易受光抑制。     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin concentration and feeding period on the skin pigmentation of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

A single‐factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary astaxanthin concentration on the skin colour of snapper. Snapper (mean weight=129 g) were held in white cages and fed one of seven dietary levels of unesterified astaxanthin (0, 13, 26, 39, 52, 65 or 78 mg astaxanthin kg^?1) for 63 days. Treatments comprised four replicate cages, each containing five fish. The skin colour of all fish was quantified using the CIE L^*, a^*, b^* colour scale after 21, 42 and 63 days. In addition, total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of two fish cage^?1 were determined after 63 days. Supplementing diets with astaxanthin strongly affected redness (a^*) and yellowness (b^*) values of the skin at all sampling times. After 21 days, the a^* values increased linearly as the dietary astaxanthin concentration was increased before a plateau was attained between 39 and 78 mg kg^?1. The b^* values similarly increased above basal levels in all astaxanthin diets. By 42 days, a^* and b^* values increased in magnitude while a plateau remained between 39 and 78 mg kg^?1. After 63 days, there were no further increases in measured colour values, suggesting that maximum pigmentation was imparted in the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg^?1 after 42 days. Similarly, there were no differences in total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg^?1 after 63 days. The plateaus that occurred in a^* and b^* values, while still increasing in magnitude between 21 and 42 days, indicate that the rate of astaxanthin deposition in snapper is limited and astaxanthin in diets containing >39 mg astaxanthin kg^?1 is not efficiently utilized. Astaxanthin retention after 63 days was greatest from the 13 mg kg^?1 diet; however, skin pigmentation was not adequate. An astaxanthin concentration of 39 mg kg^?1 provided the second greatest retention in the skin while obtaining maximum pigmentation. To efficiently maximize skin pigmentation, snapper growers should commence feeding diets containing a minimum of 39 mg unesterified astaxanthin kg^?1 at least 42 days before sale.     

Effects of water stress at different development stages on yield and water productivity of winter and summer safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

A field study was carried out to determine the effects of water stress imposed at different development stages on grain yield, seasonal evapotranspiration, crop-water relationships, yield response to water and water use efficiency of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) for winter and summer sowing. The field trials were conducted on a loam Entisol soil in Thrace Region in Turkey, using Dincer, the most popular safflower variety in the research area. A randomised complete block design with three replications was used. Three known growth stages of the plant were considered and a total of 8 (including rainfed) irrigation treatments were applied. The effect of irrigation or water stress at any stage of development on grain yield per hectare and 1000 kernel weight, was evaluated. Results of this study showed that safflower was significantly affected by water shortage in the soil profile due to omitted irrigation during the sensitive vegetative stage. The highest yield was observed in the fully irrigated control and was higher for winter sowing than for summer sowing. Evapotranspiration calculated for non-stressed production was 728 and 673 mm for winter and summer sowing, respectively. Safflower grain yield of the fully irrigated treatments was 4.05 and 3.74 t ha⁻¹ for winter and summer season, respectively. The seasonal yield response factor was 0.97 and 0.81 for winter and summer sowing, respectively. The highest total water use efficiency was obtained in the treatment irrigated only at vegetative stage while the lowest value was observed when the crop was irrigated only at yield stage. As conclusions: (i) winter sowing is suggested; (ii) if deficit irrigation is to apply at only one or two stages, Y stage or Y and F stages should be omitted, respectively.     

大型矩形水工渡槽动力分析

针对大型矩形渡槽的动力特性和动力响应问题,建立了流固耦合(FSI)系统的位移-压力(ui,p)有限元格式,给出流固耦合系统的动力特性方程;基于FSI系统的(ui,p)格式建立槽体-水体-槽墩-基础-地基系统的力学模型,采用非对称模态提取法求解了4种水深下渡槽的动力特性,并用隐式-显式积分算法计算了4种水深、2种强震作用下大型渡槽的动力响应。计算结果表明,基于FSI的(ui,p)格式,考虑到槽体与水体的相互作用,简化了计算模型,提高了计算精度,同时也得出不同水深、不同激励下渡槽结构动力特性和动力响应的变化规律等结论,可为大型渡槽及同类工程动力设计提供参考。     

响应面法优化干热变性莲子淀粉膜制备工艺

以干热变性莲子淀粉为主要原料,研究变性淀粉用量、甘油用量和干燥温度对干热变性莲子淀粉膜性能的影响,并采用响应面分析及加权评价函数法对膜性能指标进行综合优化,得到干热变性莲子淀粉的最佳成膜工艺条件为:变性莲子淀粉用量为3.53%,甘油用量为1.51%,干燥温度80.61℃。本研究成果将为干热变性莲子淀粉可食膜的工业化生产提供理论指导。     

白叶枯病菌xopXoo基因在致病性中的作用

辣椒斑点病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria,Xcv)在非寄主烟草上的过敏反应与xopX基因有关,但在白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)基因组中并未标注xopX同源基因的功能。为研究白叶枯病菌中xopX同源基因在致病性中的作用,对白叶枯病菌的xopXoo基因进行了克隆和突变,并对xopXoo突变体在非寄主烟草上的过敏反应、水稻苗期的水浸症状以及成株期的致病性和病菌生长能力进行了分析。测定结果显示,xopXoo基因突变并不改变白叶枯病菌在烟草上激发过敏反应和在水稻上产生水浸症状能力,但突变菌株在成株期水稻上的致病性和菌体生长能力显著下降。遗传互补能够恢复xopXoo突变体的致病性和菌体生长能力,表明xopXoo是白叶枯病菌的致病性基因。还对白叶枯病菌激发非寄主烟草产生过敏反应的可能基因进行了讨论。