直接利用传递函数对分叉结构进行模态综合

建立了一种直接利用传递函数对分叉结构进行模态综合的方法。传统的方法一般都需要对大矩阵进行求逆运算,而此方法只涉及分叉结构结合部的传递函数矩阵的求逆,因此求逆计算量很小,特别是当直接采用传递函数的测量值进行模态综合时,就更体现出它的优越性。     

割前摘脱收获机立式离心分离复脱清选装置优化

针对水稻割前摘脱脱出物草谷比低和处理量大的特点,为提高谷物脱出物的处理能力,设计了一种可循环喂入的立式离心分离复脱清选装置并对其进行了响应面优化试验。以喂入速度和螺旋输送器转速为影响因素,以分离率、复脱率和破碎率为试验指标,通过二次正交旋转中心组合试验得到了其性能指标和工作参数的响应曲面模型。利用Design-Expert软件分析各参数对性能指标的交互作用可知,输送器转速对分离率、复脱率和破碎率的影响较大,而喂入速度则较小。通过多目标优化,得到最佳工作参数:输送器转速541.4 r/min、喂入量1.226 kg/s;在该参数组合下的期望结果:分离率为90.4%、复脱率为66.1%、破碎率为0.77%;在该参数组合下的验证性试验结果:分离率为89.4%、复脱率为65.2%、破碎率为0.83%。结果表明立式离心分离复脱清选装置处理效率高,谷物损伤小,能够适应对割前摘脱脱出物的处理要求。     

Comparative functional responses of native and high‐impacting invasive fishes: impact predictions for native prey populations

Comparative functional responses (FRs) can predict impacts of invasive species, including piscivorous fishes, via quantifying their depletion of native food resources as a function of prey density. The utility of FRs for predicting impacts on prey populations by invasive fishes of different trophic guilds was tested here by comparing the FRs of the invaders Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus, with three native, trophically analogous fishes, Barbus barbus, Squalius cephalus and Tinca tinca. Chironomid larvae and Gammarus pulex were used as prey items. Predictions, developed from studies on the foraging of C. carpio and C. auratus in the literature, were that the invaders would have significantly higher consumption rates for chironomids than the native fishes, but not for G. pulex. Mean consumption rates for chironomids were significantly lower for both invaders than B. barbus and S. cephalus, but were similar to T. tinca. Barbus barbus had a significantly lower consumption rate of G. pulex than both invaders, but there were no significant differences between S. cephalus, T. tinca and the invaders. All FRs were type II, with FR curves for the invaders preying upon chironomids never being significantly higher than the native fishes, contrary to predictions. For G. pulex, some significant differences were apparent between the invaders and native fishes, but again were contrary to predictions. These results indicated that when predation impacts of invasive fishes could also be a function of their population density and body sizes, these parameters should be incorporated into FR models to improve impact predictions.     

机采棉加工过程智能控制与试验优化

机采棉杂质含量高,多级籽棉清理和皮棉清理会造成纤维损伤,为综合提高皮棉产品的外观形态和纤维内在质量,提出了对机采棉加工工艺进行过程优化控制的研究方法和试验方案。在充分分析典型机采棉加工流程的基础上,根据最新的棉花质量检测标准,确定杂质面积、杂质颗粒数、反射率、黄度、上半部长度、长度整齐度、短纤维指数、马克隆值、断裂比强度9个参数作为优化目标,建立以加工皮棉产品成交价格最大化的总体优化控制目标。选取对棉花清理有显著影响效果的倾斜式籽清机I和II、提净式籽清机、回收式籽清机、轧花机上部、锯齿式皮清机I和II 7个关键设备的转速作为优化控制变量。采用监控层、控制层、设备层的构架模式,完成关键设备自动化升级改造。使用响应面分析法的中心组合设计试验方法建立控制变量与控制目标之间的数据模型。以建立的总体优化控制目标为适应度评价函数,利用遗传算法完成对多变量数据模型的求解,7个设备的转速分别为495、484、727、472、1 131、822、763 r/min。试验结果表明,加工后的皮棉产品杂质面积变化率降低约7个百分点,上半部长度变化率提高约2个百分点,质量较为稳定。本文方法在降低机采棉含杂率的同时,提高了棉花的综合质量水平。     

Secretion of Natural and Synthetic Toxic Compounds from Filamentous Fungi by Membrane Transporters of the ATP-binding Cassette and Major Facilitator Superfamily

This review provides an overview of members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transporters identified in filamentous fungi. The most common function of these membrane proteins is to provide protection against natural toxic compounds present in the environment of fungi, such as antibiotics produced by other microorganisms. In plant pathogenic fungi, these transporters can also be an important determinant of virulence on host plants by providing protection against plant defence compounds or mediating the secretion of host-specific toxins. Furthermore, they play a critical role in determining base-line sensitivity to fungicides and other antimycotic agents. Overexpression of some of these transporters can lead to the development of resistance to chemically-unrelated compounds, a phenomenon described as multidrug resistance (MDR). This has been observed in a variety of organisms and can impose a serious threat to the effective control of pathogenic fungi.     

龟纹瓢虫捕食玉米蚜功能反应研究

室内研究了不同龄期的龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica幼虫和成虫对玉米蚜Rhopalosiphum maidis的捕食功能反应。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫各龄幼虫及成虫对玉米蚜的日捕食量差异较大。龟纹瓢虫4龄幼虫对玉米蚜具有较强的捕食能力,最大日捕食量为196.85头。各龄幼虫和成虫的捕食功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型圆盘方程,经χ2检验,其理论值与观察值差异不显著。     

基于DEM-CFD耦合的气吸式酸枣捡拾装置的优化设计

针对目前酸枣的收获主要依赖人工的问题,研究一种气吸式酸枣捡拾机械装置。分析酸枣的物理特性,计算酸枣的悬浮速度、流体域压降变化,通过逆向技术、三维图像重建获取酸枣的点云数据,并对酸枣的点云数据进行降噪处理,建立酸枣三维模型。通过Edem-Fluent气固耦合软件对酸枣吸拾过程进行仿真分析,获取管径、流量、酸枣速度、接触力等参数,利用响应面分析对参数进行优化,并研制酸枣捡拾机进行试验。分析表明,流量是影响捡拾效率的主要因素,管径是影响酸枣破损的主要因素,仿真结果和试验表明气吸式酸枣捡拾装置最佳管径0.11 m,最佳流量0.28 m3·s^-1。该装置能降低酸枣采收成本,缩短酸枣采收周期,同时提高捡拾效率。     

哈茨木霉发酵产木霉素的培养条件优化

采用快速有效的数学统计方法对一株枸骨内生真菌哈茨木霉生产木霉素的培养条件进行了优化。首先利用Plackett-Burrman设计在影响木霉素产量的6个因素中筛选出主效因素：葡萄糖浓度、发酵时间、接种量。在此基础上,再利用响应面分析法对以上三个显著因子的最佳水平范围进行研究,建立并分析了各因子与木霉素产量关系的回归模型。通过模型确定出最佳的试验条件：葡萄糖浓度42.8g/L,接种量1.39ml和发酵时间102.88h,该条件下木霉素的产量可达147.44mg/L。经五批培养验证,预测值与验证试验平均值接近。     

一个崭新的研究视角:农业生产可持续性对气候变化响应的定量评价

气候条件及其变化是构成地理环境诸要素的最敏感、最活跃的因子,对人类农业生产的发展影响也最为明显。然而,气候变化体现在时间和空间两个尺度上。在时间尺度上,气候变化是同一个地区的不同历史时期的气候特征;在空间尺度上,气候变化是不同地区的同一个历史时期的气候特征。不同的连接区域的气候构成的气候变化序列可以替代同一个区域的历史时期的气候变化序列,因为它们的变化都是连续的。基于此思想,选择气候条件明显不同的两个区域(分别用我国南方的和北方的两个省代替),分别模拟不同的气候条件利用现代的统计数据,构建农业生产可持续性评价指标,利用主成分分析和多元回归等定量方法,并通过对数据进行处理,剔除耕地面积减少、土地利用、管理、地形特征等诸多因素的影响,以定量研究探讨气候变化(可能是渐变或跳跃性的突变转型)对农业生产可持续性的影响。研究表明:当气候条件转好时,自然环境条件对农业生产的作用减小;农业社会和农业产出状况对农业生产的作用也减小;人们会有选择地耕种农业劳动生产率水平相对较高的土地。当气候条件变差时,自然环境条件对农业生产的限制作用增强;农业产出和农业社会状况对农业生产发展的作用增大;人们更多关注农业人均产出水平和农村社会生产状况,对农业劳动生产率状况的关注严重减少。     

Learning performances of honeybees (Apis mellifera L) are differentially affected by imidacloprid according to the season

To establish the sublethal concentrations domain, acute and chronic oral tests were conducted on caged honeybee workers (Apis mellifera L) using imidacloprid and a metabolite, 5-OH-imidacloprid, under laboratory conditions. The latter showed a 48-h oral LD50 value (153 ng per bee) five times higher than that of imidacloprid (30 ng per bee). Chronic feeding tests indicated that the lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) of imidacloprid and of 5-OH-imidacloprid on mortality of winter bees were 24 and 120 microg kg(-1) respectively. Behavioural effects of imidacloprid and 5-OH-imidacloprid were studied using the olfactory conditioning of proboscis extension response at two periods of the year. Winter bees surviving chronic treatment with imidacloprid and 5-OH-imidacloprid had reduced learning performances. The LOEC of imidacloprid was lower in summer bees (12 microg kg(-1)) than in winter bees (48 microg kg(-1)), which points to a greater sensitivity of honeybees behaviour in summer bees, compared to winter bees.