绿狐尾藻对不同铵硝配比的生理响应

为了探究高氨养殖废水中一定比例的硝态氮对绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)生长及生理特征的影响,采用营养液培养,在总氮浓度为15 mmol/L的条件下,以纯铵处理为对照(CK),设置NH+4∶NO-3=3∶1(以N3∶1表示)和NH+4∶NO-3=1∶1(以N1∶1表示)两个处理,研究绿狐尾藻对不同铵硝配比的生理响应。结果显示,培养至第21天,N1∶1处理的相对生物量和相对茎高分别为13.17 g和35.31 cm,显著低于N3∶1(19.59 g,41.78 cm)和CK组(17.82 g, 38.82 cm)(P<0.05)。不同处理下叶片中的氮含量为50.38~58.82 mg/g,显著高于茎中氮含量26.96~35.42 mg/g;但叶片中磷含量5.17~7.38 mg/g显著低于茎中的磷含量8.44~9.88 mg/g(P<0.05)。培养至第21天时,CK、N3∶1、N1∶1处理之间的叶片磷含量(6.76、7.06、7.38 mg/g)差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05),表现为N1∶1> N3∶1>CK。N1∶1和N3∶1处理叶片(7.03、6.75 mg/g)和茎中(6.43、5.04 mg/g)的可溶性糖含量均显著高于CK(3.58、3.27 mg/g)(P<0.05)。N1∶1处理叶片和茎中的叶绿素含量均显著高于CK和N3∶1处理(P<0.05)。研究表明,当处理中添加少量或不添加硝态氮时,有利于绿狐尾藻生长和生物量增加;当处理中硝态氮含量相对较高时,植株叶绿素和可溶性糖含量增加,同时吸收磷的能力增强。绿狐尾藻在不同铵硝配比的水体中均能保持良好的生长状态和较强的氮磷吸收能力,该结果为绿狐尾藻高效净化不同来源的养殖废水提供了理论依据。     

二株鳗鲡益生菌对欧洲鳗鲡免疫应答的初步研究

由养殖鳗鲡肠道分离、筛选出的益生菌A40209CDC4和A31009NA,添加鳗鲡饲料,细菌浓度达107cfu·g-1,连续投喂30d,测定试验鳗鲡白细胞吞噬活性、溶菌酶活力和血清抗体滴度.结果显示:与未添加细菌的对照组相比,添加益生菌试验组的白细胞吞噬百分比、吞噬指数、溶菌酶活力和血清抗体滴度无显著变化,说明筛选菌株作为饲料添加剂应用于欧洲鳗鲡未产生特异性刺激.     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement with blended vegetable oils on growth,lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

A 120‐day trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary fish oil replacement with vegetable oils on growth, lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to replace 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000g/kg of fish oil with a mixture of soybean and rapeseed oil (defined as D1–D5), and each treatment had 30 replicate crabs. Dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of the crabs, while the D3 had the highest hepatosomatic index and total lipids in hepatopancreas. The triglyceride and lipase activities in hepatopancreas increased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. The D4 had the highest levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the hepatopancreas, as well as the haemolymph ALP, ACP and peroxidase. The highest levels of haemolymph total antioxidant capacity, catalase and malondialdehyde were detected in D1. Total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in hepatopancreas decreased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. In conclusion, dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of P. trituberculatus, and 500g/kg of fish oil replacement could improve antioxidant capacity, but excessive replacement level will enhance lipid accumulation and peroxidation in the hepatopancreas.     

Structural and Rheological Characteristics of Alginate from Sargassum cristaefolium Extracted by Twin Screw Extruder

This study aimed to investigate the effects of process extrusion on the characteristics of Sargassum cristaefolium sodium alginate (SCSA) extracted using twin-screw extruder. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) from response surface methodology (RSM) was established to understand the effects of temperature, screw speed, and pH on the multiple-responses of alginate characteristics including intrinsic viscosity, yield, and molecular weight. The results revealed that temperature, screw speed, and pH significantly affected (P < .05) all responses. The optimum extraction condition was found at temperature of 58.18°C, screw speed of 77.99 rpm, and pH 10.11. At this condition, the response of residence time distribution was 7.07 ± 0.029 min, yield of 34.01 ± 0.12%, intrinsic viscosity of 460.13 ± 14.75 mL/g, and molecular weight of 217.94 ± 7.14 × 10³ g/mol. This alginate had mannuronic acid to guluronic acid (M/G) ratio of 0.28, and the L-guluronic acid block was 0.78, which was higher than the D-mannuronic acid block. Rheological characterization of SCSA in aqueous solution was shear-thinning pseudoplastic, and alginate gel in 1 M CaCl₂ was more elastic than liquid.     

Disturbance‐induced responses of VHF and satellite tagged harbour seals

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Should only females of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii be selected in genetic improvement programmes?

Sexual dimorphism is widely observed in almost all farmed aquatic animal species but giant freshwater pawn (GFP) is unique, with males characterized by three main morphotypes (blue claw, orange claw and small males) and females by different reproduction status (ovary, berried egg and already‐spawned females). There has been reported evidence that the effect of male morphotype may have masked genetic variation in growth‐related traits, as a result the heritability for male body weight was lower than that estimated in female. A pending question has arisen whether selection should be made in female only. To answer this question, we used an 8‐year data set from a long‐term selection programme (2008–2015) for high growth in this species comprising 106,756 individuals that were offspring of 515 sires and 810 dams. The body weight data of female and male GFP or of each morphotype was treated as a separate trait and a multi‐trait approach was used to estimate genetic correlations for homologous traits between sexes and between morphotypes. Our analysis showed that there were little differences in the heritability estimates between female and male. In female, mature ovary individual displayed higher heritability than berried egg and already‐spawned females. For male, the heritability for blue claw, orange claw and small males were 0.11, 0.06 and 0.00 respectively. Between‐sex genetic correlation was moderate (0.55 ± 0.11) for body weight, suggesting that the trait expressions in female and male may be genetically different. In female, the genetic correlations for body weight among three female types were close to one (0.91–0.94). In contrast, the genetic correlations for body weight between male morphotypes especially between blue claw or orange claw and small males were low (0.15–0.25). Furthermore, we estimated genetic gain as the difference in least square means (LSM) or estimated breeding values (EBV) between the selection line and control group. The genetic gain in body weight was smaller in females than in males. It is concluded that there is no need to run separate breeding programme for female and male GFP. A combined selection using both female and male data can achieve selection response for body weight as demonstrated in the present study.     

Effect of LED light quality on the phototaxis and locomotion behaviour of Haliotis discus hannai

Abalones were reared in a laboratory to determine the percentage response rate, response time, average crawling speed and the time taken to recover an upright posture under nine light‐emitting diode light quality treatments (red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, purple, white and grey) and a dark environment. Animals were placed in the centre of an experimental device, and the tropism of each animal was continuously monitored by video. The highest percentage response rate (80% in dark adapted abalones, 60% in light adapted abalones) was observed in the dark environment, followed by red and orange light (27% and 30% in dark adapted abalones, respectively, 22% and 24% in light adapted abalones). Two induction materials (substrate and brown algae Laminaria japonica) were used to assess the effect of light quality on the tropism of abalones, with the highest percentage response rate (76% in the L. japonica treatment, 22% in the substrate treatment) also observed in the dark environment, followed by red and orange light (both 25% in the L. japonica treatment, and 26% and 32%, respectively, in the substrate treatment). The tropism order of the abalones under dark, red, orange and yellow light was as follows: dark > orange > red, yellow, but fewer abalones chose to stay in blue, green, cyan and purple light. The response time (about 700 s) in the dark environment was significantly longer than for the other light quality treatments. Compared with the average crawling speed in the other light quality treatments, abalones were relatively slower (about 3.8 mm s^?1) in red and orange light, and the dark environment. The mean time required for the recovery of an upright posture in red light and the dark environment was longer than in the other light quality treatments, with the average recovery time reaching a maximum of 60 s in the dark environment. The results demonstrate the phototaxis and locomotion behaviour of abalones, as well as confirming the necessity of a dark, orange or red environment for their management and aquaculture.     

Combined effect of temperature,salinity and density on the growth and feed utilization of Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus)

Based on Box–Behnken experimental design and response surface method, the joint effect of temperature (16–36°C), salinity (0–22 ppt) and rearing density (200–1000 fish.m^?3) on the specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion rate (FCR) of Nile tilapia juveniles were studied under laboratory conditions. The entire experiment lasted for 1 month (30 days). Results showed that the linear and quadratic effects of temperature, salinity on both growth and feed utilization were highly statistically significant (P < 0.01). The linear and quadratic effect of rearing density on the growth was highly significant (P < 0.01); the linear effect of rearing density on feed utilization was significant (P < 0.05), but the quadratic effect nonsignificant (P > 0.05). Interactions between temperature and salinity, and between salinity and rearing density on the growth statistically differed from zero (P < 0.05). Interactions between temperature and salinity, between temperature and density on feed utilization was significant (P < 0.05). Model equations of the growth and feed utilization on temperature, salinity and density were established, with the coefficient of determination being 98.34% for growth and 98.11% for feed utilization, and could be applied to projection. The optimal temperature/salinity/density combination was obtained utilizing statistical optimization approach: 29°C/6 ppt/500 fish.m^?3, at which the maximal specific growth and feed utilization reached 4.228%.d^?1 and 0.520 respectively, with the desirability being 0.989.     

仿刺参肠道潜在益生菌对稚参生长、免疫及抗病力的影响

以稚参期仿刺参为研究对象,探讨了分离自仿刺参肠道的潜在益生菌在稚参养殖中的应用效果。采用16S rDNA序列分析法将3株潜在益生菌分别鉴定为Bacillus sp.(GSC-1)、Bacillus sp.(GSC-2)和Enterococcus sp.(GSC-3)。分别以10³、10⁵或10⁷ CFU/mL的GSC-1、GSC-2、GSC-3或灿烂弧菌浸浴稚参以检验潜在益生菌对稚参期仿刺参的安全性,7 d后各潜在益生菌浸浴组的稚参成活率均高于同浓度的灿烂弧菌处理组;GSC-1和GSC-3在实验浓度下对稚参成活率无显著影响(P>0.05),可作为稚参的潜在益生菌;而10⁷ CFU/mL GSC-2浸浴组稚参的成活率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),因此GSC-2不适合作为稚参的潜在益生菌。将潜在益生菌GSC-1和GSC-3以10⁹ CFU/g的比例与鼠尾藻粉混合后饲养稚参20 d,潜在益生菌处理组的稚参成活率、特定生长率和变色率均高于对照组,其中GSC-1处理组稚参的成活率和变色率显著提高(P<0.05),GSC-3处理组稚参的成活率和特定生长率显著提高(P<0.05);与对照组相比,潜在益生菌GSC-1和GSC-3均有效增加了稚参的总菌数(P<0.05),GSC-1还有效降低了稚参的弧菌数(P<0.05);潜在益生菌GSC-1和GSC-3均可显著提高稚参体组织中的酚氧化酶和溶菌酶活力(P<0.05),GSC-1亦显著提高了其酸性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶活力(P<0.05);GSC-1和GSC-3处理组稚参的抗灿烂弧菌感染能力均高于对照组,其中GSC-3显著降低了灿烂弧菌攻毒后稚参的死亡率(P<0.05)。综上所述,潜在益生菌GSC-1和GSC-3对稚参期刺参安全无毒,能够促进稚参的健康生长并提高其抗病能力,因而GSC-1和GSC-3均可作为益生菌应用于稚参养殖中。