Characteristics of deep drainage and soil water in the mobile sandy lands of Inner Mongolia,northern China

 Quantification of deep drainage and the response of soil water content to rainfall patterns are critical for an effective management strategy of soil water conservation and groundwater utilization. However, information on how rainfall characteristics influence soil water dynamics and deep drainage in mobile sandy lands are lacking. We used an underground chamber to examine the response of deep drainage and soil water content in mobile sandy lands to rainfall characteristics during the growing season of 2010, 2011 and 2012. Results showed that rainfall in this area was dominated by small events (≤5 mm), which increased soil water content in the surface soil layers (0–40 cm), but did not increase soil water content at the deeper soil layers (greater than 40 cm). Soil water content at the 0–100 cm depth increased significantly when the total amount of rain was >20 mm. Rainfall amount, intensity and the duration of dry intervals were significantly related to the soil water content at different soil layers. Deep drainage was significantly correlated with rainfall amount and intensity, but not with the duration of the dry interval. The coefficients of deep drainage in mobile sandy lands ranged from 61.30% to 67.94% during the growing seasons. Our results suggested that rainfall infiltration in these widespread mobile sandy lands had considerable potential to increase soil water storage while recharging the groundwater in this region.     

新媒体环境阅读引导与数字目录学服务协同推进的实践及发展——以重庆地区为例

新媒体阅读正以整体化阅读的方式引导着整个时代的变动和走向,数字图书馆也将催生和支持新的知识组织方式与服务机制。数字目录学为配合大众阅读需求而兴起,旨在研究人们读书治学的新特征,整合各类有价值的数字资源。通过对重庆公共图书馆系统调查数据的描述分析,运用目录学理论辨析传统OPAC在资源组织方式、检索途径与配套措施等方面的不足与弊端。强调在数字空间强化的背景下,结合新阅读特性和公众阅读需求,借鉴和发展通用书目的揭示方法,创新和提高OPAC2.0书目阅读引导的能力,构建书目主体的人文精神与信息技术的协调与统一,拓展社会文化的引导功能。     

数字阅读环境下高校图书馆服务

分析了数字阅读的特点,通过调查34所“985工程”高校图书馆的资源建设情况和移动图书馆使用情况,提出了高校图书馆在数字阅读环境下要进行阅读推广活动,挖掘读者的信息需求及整合图书馆的信息资源,以便提供更加优质的服务。     

MoTlg2, a t-SNARE component is important for formation of the Spitzenkörper and polar deposition of chitin in Magnaporthe oryzae

T-SNAREs are a family of conserved proteins involved in intracellular transport of membrane-coated cargo among subcellular compartments. In this study, we identified a putative t-SNARE gene, MoTLG2, in Magnaporthe oryzae via insertion mutagenesis. Deletion of MoTLG2 resulted in slower vegetative growth and less conidiation relative to the wild-type strain, but the ΔMotlg2 null mutant was as virulent as the wild-type strain. MoTlg2 has 30% overall amino acid identity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tlg2, and rescued the defect of monensin de-sensitivity in the yeast strain where TLG2 had been deleted. More importantly, apical regions of the hyphae of the ΔMotlg2 null mutant were only weakly stained by FM4-64, which was reported as an excellent vesicle tracer, suggesting that the Spitzenkörper was not well formed in the ΔMotlg2 null mutant. In addition, more uneven lateral deposition of chitin was observed in the cell wall of vegetative hyphae of the ΔMotlg2 null mutant. Taken together, this study shows that the t-SNARE Tlg2 is important for both vegetative hyphal growth and conidiation, but dispensable for plant infection in filamentous fungi, and suggests that Tlg2 is important for formation of the Spitzenkörper and polar distribution of chitin.     

New Polyphenols from a Deep Sea Spiromastix sp. Fungus,and Their Antibacterial Activities

Eleven new polyphenols namely spiromastols A–K (1–11) were isolated from the fermentation broth of a deep sea-derived fungus Spiromastix sp. MCCC 3A00308. Their structures were determined by extensive NMR data and mass spectroscopic analysis in association with chemical conversion. The structures are classified as diphenyl ethers, diphenyl esters and isocoumarin derivatives, while the n-propyl group in the analogues is rarely found in natural products. Compounds 1–3 exhibited potent inhibitory effects against a panel of bacterial strains, including Xanthomanes vesicatoria, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Ralstonia solanacearum, Bacillus thuringensis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.25 to 4 µg/mL. The structure-activity relationships are discussed, while the polychlorinated analogues 1–3 are assumed to be a promising structural model for further development as antibacterial agents.     

硝酸盐反射仪和SPAD法对玉米氮素营养诊断的比较

精准的营养诊断是了解作物氮素营养及推荐施肥的基础。本文在田间滴灌条件下利用SPAD叶绿素仪(SPAD-502 Plus)和硝酸盐反射仪(RQ flex10)两种诊断方法对玉米关键生育时期的氮素营养诊断进行研究,旨在筛选出适宜的诊断方法,并依据诊断值建立滴灌玉米不同生育时期的施肥模型。试验设置0 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N0)、225 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N225)、330 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N330)、435 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N435)和540 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N540)5个施氮水平,在不同生育时期测定了玉米叶片SPAD值和叶鞘NO_3~-含量,并分别与施氮量、植株全氮含量、产量进行方程拟合,比较两种诊断方法对玉米氮素营养的响应。研究结果表明:1)玉米叶片SPAD值和叶鞘NO_3~-含量均随施氮量的增加而显著升高,且在拔节期对施氮量的响应最敏感。叶鞘NO_3~-含量对施氮量变化的响应较SPAD值大,其与施氮量及玉米产量的拟合度均高于SPAD值,说明硝酸盐反射仪法对滴灌玉米氮素丰缺的反应更灵敏。2)玉米全氮含量与叶片SPAD值呈显著线性关系,而与叶鞘NO_3~-含量则以线性加平台表示。当叶鞘NO_3~-含量小于186 mg·L~(-1)时,植株全氮与NO_3~-间呈显著线性相关;当叶鞘NO_3~-含量大于186 mg·L~(-1)时,植株全氮随NO_3~-含量增加趋于不变。3)本农作区滴灌玉米最佳经济施氮量为402.5 kg·hm~(-2),对应的玉米产量为17 049 kg·hm~(-2)。玉米拔节期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期的临界叶鞘NO_3~-含量分别为729.3 mg·L~(-1)、536 mg·L~(-1)和81.2 mg·L~(-1)。SPAD叶绿素仪和硝酸盐反射仪均可对滴灌玉米进行氮素营养诊断,但硝酸盐速测值能更敏感地反映氮素丰缺状况,基于硝酸盐反射法进行作物氮素营养诊断及推荐施肥具有较好的准确性与适用性。     

基于分层卷积深度学习系统的植物叶片识别研究

深度学习已成为图像识别领域的研究热点。本文以植物叶片图像识别为研究对象,对单一背景和复杂背景图像分别给出了优化预处理方案;设计了一个8层卷积神经网络深度学习系统分别对Pl@antNet叶片库和自扩展的叶片图库中33 293张简单背景和复杂背景叶片图像进行训练和识别,并与传统基于植物叶片多特征的识别方法进行了比较分析。实验证明:本文提供的CNN+SVM和CNN+Softmax分类器识别方法对单一背景叶片图像识别率高达91.11%和90.90%,识别复杂背景叶片图像的识别率也能高达34.38%,取得了较好的识别效果。利用本文实现的分层卷积深度学习识别系统在数据量大而无法做出更多优化的情况下,叶片图像的识别率更高,尤其是针对复杂背景下的叶片图像,取得了极佳的识别效果。      

基于深度学习特征的铸件缺陷射线图像动态检测方法

针对X射线检测中铸件微弱缺陷误检率和漏检率高的问题,提出一种基于选择性注意机制和深度学习特征匹配的缺陷动态跟踪检测方法。基于射线图像序列,采取帧内注意区域检测消除漏检、帧间深度学习特征匹配跟踪排除误检的策略。在帧内检测阶段,提出通过中央-周边梯度搜索方法模拟生物视觉的中央-周边差运算,根据梯度阈值直接检测各可疑缺陷区域,无需分割出缺陷本身。在帧间跟踪阶段,借鉴人类大脑视觉感知系统的深度学习层次结构,建立基于卷积神经的深度学习网络,可疑缺陷区域灰度信号直接作为输入,自动抽取表征可疑缺陷区域的本质特征信息,组成深度学习特征矢量。定义基于欧氏距离的特征矢量相似度,通过连续图像中可疑缺陷区域的相似度匹配实现缺陷跟踪,以消除噪声等伪缺陷。实验结果表明,基于深度学习特征匹配方法的铸件缺陷图像动态检测,误检率和漏检率均低于3%,缺陷检测准确率超过97%,证明了所提方法的有效性。     

旋耕机双列深沟球轴承接触特性研究

轴承是旋耕机传动系统中的重要部件,其接触特性对于旋耕机轴承的承载能力、传动精度、可靠性等具有显著影响。为此,基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA显示动力学分析方法对SKF-4201ATN9型旋耕机双列深沟球轴承的应力、位移、速度等接触特性进行分析,并研究不同转速及载荷对轴承接触性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:滚动体速度、应力呈波峰波谷形式变化,最大应力出现在滚动体与内、外圈接触时;随着单元与内、外圈接触点之间的距离增大,应力大小显著减小;内圈转速对轴承位移、速度、应力变化频率影响明显,对应力值影响轻微;随着径向载荷增大,滚动体应力增大,仿真分析结果与理论结果基本吻合,为后续旋耕机双列深沟球轴承接触及动态特性分析提供了一定的参考。     

东北半湿润地区深埋秸秆周围土壤水分的动态变化

为了探讨深埋秸秆周围土壤水分动态变化规律,通过田间小区对比试验,设置4个处理:秸秆无膜(S)、秸秆+覆膜(S+M)、无秸秆+覆膜(M)和无秸秆无膜(CK),分析了不同处理条件下土壤水分的动态。结果表明,深埋秸秆可有效提高春播前0~30 cm土层土壤含水率,比无秸秆的处理高0.03 cm3/cm3;深埋秸秆处理提高了土壤对雨水的拦蓄存储能力,降雨后随时间延长这种作用更加明显。强降雨132 h后,S处理与S+M处理各层土壤含水率差异不显著,S处理0~30、30~40、40~60 cm土层土壤平均体积含水率比M处理提高了0.01、0.03、0.04 cm3/cm3,比CK提高了0.02、0.05、0.05 cm3/cm3;在长期干旱情况下,深埋秸秆处理具有更好的持续保墒效果,S处理与S+M处理保墒效果差异不显著,S处理0~30、30~40、40~60 cm土层土壤平均体积含水率比M处理提高了0.01、0.02、0.06cm3/cm3,比CK提高了0.02、0.05、0.09 cm3/cm3。深埋秸秆提高了土壤的含水率,起到了蓄水、抗旱、保墒的作用。