Respiration pattern and microbial use of field-grown transgenic Bt-maize residues

A 49-day incubation experiment was carried out with the addition of field-grown maize stem and leaf residues to soil at three different temperatures (5, 15, and 25 °C). The aim was to study the effects of two transgenic Bt-maize varieties in comparison to their two parental non-Bt varieties on the mineralization of the residues, on their incorporation into the microbial biomass and on changes in the microbial community structure. The stem and leaf residues of Novelis-Bt contained 3.9 μg g⁻¹ dry weight of the Bt toxin Cry1Ab and those of Valmont-Bt only 0.8 μg g⁻¹. The residues of the two parental non-Bt varieties Nobilis and Prelude contained higher concentrations of ergosterol (+220%) and glucosamine (+190%) and had a larger fungal C-to-bacterial C ratio (+240%) than the two Bt varieties. After adding the Bt residues, an initial peak in respiration of an extra 700 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil or 4% of the added amount was observed in comparison to the two non-Bt varieties at all three temperatures. On average of the four varieties, 19-38% of the maize C added was mineralized during the 49-day incubation at the three different temperatures. The overall mean increase in total maize-derived CO₂ evolution corresponded to a Q₁₀ value of 1.4 for both temperature steps, i.e. from 5 to 15 °C and from 15 to 25 °C. The addition of maize residues led to a strong increase in all microbial properties analyzed. The highest contents were always measured at 5 °C and the lowest at 25 °C. The variety-specific contents of microbial biomass C, biomass N, ATP and adenylates increased in the order Novelis-Bt ? Prelude<Valmont-Bt ? Nobilis. The mineralization of Novelis-Bt residues with the highest Bt concentration and lowest N concentration and their incorporation into the microbial biomass was significantly reduced compared to the parental non-Bt variety Nobilis. These negative effects increased considerably from 5 to 25 °C. The transgenic Bt variety Valmont did not show further significant effects except for the initial peak in respiration at any temperature.     

水土流失区马尾松垦复施肥与混交固氮植物措施对比分析

水土流失区马尾松“老头林”采用一般的垦复施肥措施，对促进马尾松生长有显著效果，但施肥作用只能持续3年左右。而采用混交固氮树种杨梅、胡枝子的措施，随着固氮植物固氮能力及生物生长量的增加，土壤养分状况、土壤结构等得到不断改善，马尾松高生长量也在逐步上升，效果十分显著，且作用持久。     

镍胁迫对玉米幼苗氮、磷、钾积累与分配的研究

研究发现吉林省黑土中镍含量逐年增加,造成土壤理化性质恶化和玉米产量、品质降低,因此,了解镍胁迫对玉米植株生长特性的影响有重要意义。采用盆栽试验,研究了不同镍浓度（0、50、100、200、400 mg/kg）胁迫处理下玉米植株各部位的生物量、生物量分配格局以及氮、磷、钾积累和分配特征。结果表明,（1）镍浓度为50 mg/kg时,增加了玉米幼苗根、茎、叶生物量和总生物量,镍浓度大于50 mg/kg时,减少了各部位生物量及总生物量;（2）各部位对镍的吸收和积累随土壤外源镍浓度的增加而增加;（3）镍浓度为50 mg/kg时,增加了各部位的钾含量和根、茎钾的积累比例,而植株中的氮、磷含量随土壤中镍含量的增加呈降低趋势。因此得出,镍浓度为50 mg/kg的处理增加了玉米植株的生物量、根茎叶中钾含量及养分积累,改变了养分在玉米植株内的分配格局,而浓度大于50 mg/kg时抑制了玉米生长,降低了根茎叶中氮和磷的含量及积累。     

药用植物填料减轻卷烟危害机理的研究进展

卷烟中药用植物填料的运用形式不同、填料在卷烟及其相关产品的使用位置不同,药用植物减害的目标指向及其理化和药理机理就不同,主要机理涉及3个方面。首先,中草药与烟草同源,药用植物用于卷烟减害契合中医的烟熏疗法,体现了中医的配伍理论,药用植物具备能预防、缓解或治疗吸烟所致疾病的特定类群。其次,药用植物填料通过直接截留、物理吸附、化学吸附和催化解毒来降低烟气中焦油、烟碱、稠环芳烃、亚硝胺、自由基、挥发性酚类、巴豆醛、氰化氢、一氧化氮、一氧化碳、氨和重金属元素的含量。再者,卷烟中药用植物成分的特定熔点、沸点或气化点和吸燃烟支的温度条件决定了成分具备烟气转移属性,能缓解、治疗吸烟所致的呼吸道疾病、血管损伤及癌变,并具一般性的消炎和提高机体免疫力的功效,可为卷烟的药用植物减害实践和中国特色卷烟的研发提供依据。     

园林植物高新技术育种研究综述和展望

随着我国园林绿化市场的持续升温,园林植物育种领域的研究不断得到重视,在传统育种技术的基础上,以现代生物技术、航天和离子注入诱变育种为核心的高新技术育种得到较大程度的发展。本文阐述了基因工程和细胞工程技术在园林植物株型和花型、花色和香味、生长发育、延缓衰老、抗病虫、抗逆境等方面的研究现状;综述了航天育种和离子注入育种等高新技术的研究基础,及其在园林植物种质创新领域的研究进展;并介绍了国内有关研究单位的一些相关研究情况。分析了园林植物育种技术的发展趋势,并重点对园林植物现代生物技术、航天和离子注入育种作了展望。     

功能性inositol类物质在不同植物中的含量分析

利用乙醇抽提不同植物中的inositol类物质,将其抽提物中的水溶相部分依次通过ODS柱和阴离子交换柱后,用HPLC法进行分析。结果表明,D-pinitol含量多的植物有槐树叶、红花三叶草、白花三叶草、繁缕、银杏叶、婆婆指甲菜;D-chiro-inositol含量多的植物有蒲公英、白背;ononitol含量多的植物有槐树和婆婆指甲菜;myo-inositol含量多的植物有金银花、柿子叶、蒲公英、桑树叶。     

13种优良绿化攀缘植物对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为弥补国内在园林绿化攀援植物抗旱能力方面的研究空白,为园林绿化实践提供优良抗旱攀援植物品种,试验以叶片保水力、可溶性糖含量和游离脯氨酸含量等生理生态学指标,对项目组从资源圃中27科共54种攀援植物中筛选出的13种综合性状优良的攀援植物品种,在干旱胁迫下的生理响应进行了研究。研究结果表明,不同供试攀援植物品种在干旱胁迫下表现出来的反应差异比较明显,其中耐旱性最强和耐旱性最弱的材料在许多指标上的差异达到了1倍左右甚至更大,而且具有一定的规律。对13个供试攀援植物品种在抗旱性方面的综合表现进行了模糊评价,初步确定鸡蛋果、红萼龙吐珠、美丽赪桐、金银花、麻雀花、星果藤和清明花等7个品种为比较抗旱的品种,同时也具有较为优良的景观性状,可供将来生产实践中推广应用。     

8种棕榈植物幼苗耐盐性的比较分析

摘要：将加那利海枣(Phoenix canariensis)、棍棒椰子(Hyophorbe verschaffeltii)、三角椰子（Dypsis decaryi）、国王椰子（Ravenea rivularis）、飓风椰子（Dictyosperma album）、大王椰子（Roystonea regia）、红棕榈（Latania lontanoides）和狐尾椰子(Wodyetia bifurcata)8种棕榈植物幼苗培养在不同含盐量的土壤中,研究了土壤盐度与棕榈植物幼苗株高生长、植株各部分生物量的关系,确定棕榈植物幼苗生长的土壤盐度的适宜值、临界值和极限值。根据植物生长量和土壤盐度的关系曲线,可以分成3种类型：低盐促进类型（三角椰子和棍棒椰子）、直线负相关类型（国王椰子、加那利海枣和飓风椰子）和低盐敏感类型（狐尾椰子、红棕榈和大王椰子）。8种棕榈植物幼苗耐盐性依次为：加那利海枣>棍棒椰子>三角椰子>国王椰子>飓风椰子>大王椰子>红棕榈>狐尾椰子。     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

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Potatoes

°

After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Fresh tomatoes

°

From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Processing tomatoes

°

From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

退化生态系统恢复过程木本植物密度的变化

对大明山退化生态系统 34个群落的木本植物密度进行了研究。结果表明 :1.退化生态系统木本植物的密度与植被的恢复阶段紧密相关 ;2 .乔木层植物的密度变化呈现恢复初期 ( 2年 )较低 ,中前期 ( 10～ 2 0年 )迅速提高 ,中后期 ( 50年 )下降 ,后期 ( 150～ 2 0 0年 )又缓慢回升的趋势 ;3.乔木层与灌木层植物密度的变化具有相同的趋势和不同的速率 ,灌木层植物密度变化缓慢。