Phylogenetic analysis of Myanmar indigenous chickens using mitochondrial D-loop sequence reveals their characteristics as a genetic resource

Myanmar indigenous chickens play important roles in food, entertainment, and farm business for the people of Myanmar. In this study, complete mitochondrial D-loop sequences (1232 bp) were analyzed using 176 chickens, including three indigenous breeds, two fighting cock populations, and three indigenous populations to elucidate genetic diversity and accomplish a phylogenetic analysis of Myanmar indigenous chickens. The average haplotype and nucleotide diversities were 0.948 ± 0.009 and 0.00814 ± 0.00024, respectively, exhibiting high genetic diversity of Myanmar indigenous chickens. Sixty-four haplotypes were classified as seven haplogroups, with the majority being haplogroup F. The breeds and populations except Inbinwa had multiple maternal haplogroups, suggesting that they experienced no recent purifying selection and bottleneck events. All breeds and populations examined shared haplogroup F. When 232 sequences belonging to haplogroup F (79 from Myanmar and 153 deposited sequences from other Asian countries/region) were analyzed together, the highest genetic diversity was observed in Myanmar indigenous chickens. Furthermore, Myanmar indigenous chickens and red junglefowls were observed in the center of the star-like median-joining network of 37 F-haplotypes, suggesting that Myanmar is one of the origins of haplogroup F. These findings revealed the unique genetic characteristic of Myanmar indigenous chickens as important genetic resources.     

鸡白痢沙门氏菌鸡胚感染模型建立方法的筛选

为筛选出理想的鸡白痢沙门氏菌宿主感染模型的建立方法,本研究通过选择不同接种方式配合不同菌液浓度接种不同胚龄鸡胚建立感染模型,将90枚SPF鸡胚随机分成9组,每组10枚,分别为A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I组,A组为空白对照组,其余各组为模型组,模型组分别以气室接种、蛋壳接触接种的方式对不同胚龄（11和14胚龄）SPF鸡胚接种不同浓度（1×10³、3×10³、9×10³、3×10⁵、9×10⁵ CFU/mL）的鸡白痢沙门氏菌C79-3菌株。每天观察情况直至出雏,待雏鸡孵出后按组分笼饲养,每隔12 h观察1次,连续观察7 d,观察各组雏鸡的临床症状、死亡情况,观察期结束对死亡和存活雏鸡进行剖检、组织病理学检查及鸡白痢沙门氏菌的分离鉴定。结果显示,各模型组均有雏鸡出现明显的鸡白痢病症状并死亡,相较于其他模型组,以11胚龄蛋壳接触感染方式接种9×10⁵ CFU/mL的C79-3菌液的F组和14胚龄气室感染方式接种3×10³ CFU/mL C79-3菌液0.1 mL的H组,鸡胚出壳率较高,可分别达到80%和90%,出壳雏鸡呈现明显鸡白痢病特征,剖检可见肝脏出血、盲肠膨大、卵黄囊吸收不良;组织病理切片可观察到肝脏、盲肠、心脏各有不同程度的损伤,发病率分别100%和88.8%,并且鸡白痢沙门氏菌阳性检出率分别达70%和90%。本研究结果表明,以11胚龄蛋壳接触感染方式接种0.1 mL 9×10⁵ CFU/mL的C79-3菌液和14胚龄以气室感染方式接种0.1 mL 3×10³ CFU/mL的C79-3菌液的两种方法均可用于建立稳定的鸡白痢沙门氏菌宿主感染模型。     

鸡呼吸道疾病鉴别诊断与防治

呼吸道疾病是目前威胁鸡养殖产业健康发展的一类重大动物疫病,呼吸道疾病的病原种类多种多样,且造成的临床症状大致相同,诊断难度较大,如果没有进行妥善有效的鉴别、诊断,易造成整体的治疗方案缺乏针对性,难以在短时间内控制病情,错过最佳的防控时期。鸡呼吸道疾病常常混合感染并发感染,2种以上的病原相互叠加表现的临床症状复杂,诊断难度更大。该文主要论述鸡呼吸道疾病的鉴别诊断和防治措施。     

Starch digestion rates in multiple samples of commonly used feed grains in diets for broiler chickens

In this study the starch digestion rates in broiler chickens from 18 samples of 5 commonly used feed grains (sorghum, wheat, maize, barley, triticale) were determined. The methodology to determine starch digestion rates in poultry is detailed herein. Starch digestion rates were not significantly different (P = 0.128) across the 18 feed grains, which reflects the wide variations that were observed within a given feedstuff. Nevertheless, starch digestion rates in broiler chickens offered wheat-based diets were significantly more rapid by 56.0% (0.117 versus 0.075 min⁻¹; P = 0.012) than their sorghum-based counterparts on the basis of a pair-wise comparison. In descending order, the following starch digestion rates were observed: wheat (0.117 min⁻¹), barley (0.104 min⁻¹), triticale (0.093 min⁻¹), maize (0.086 min⁻¹), sorghum (0.075 min⁻¹). The implications of these findings are discussed as they almost certainly have implications for poultry nutrition and the development of reduced crude protein diets for broiler chickens.     

Glucagon‐related peptides and the regulation of food intake in chickens

The regulatory mechanisms underlying food intake in chickens have been a focus of research in recent decades to improve production efficiency when raising chickens. Lines of evidence have revealed that a number of brain‐gut peptides function as a neurotransmitter or peripheral satiety hormone in the regulation of food intake both in mammals and chickens. Glucagon, a 29 amino acid peptide hormone, has long been known to play important roles in maintaining glucose homeostasis in mammals and birds. However, the glucagon gene encodes various peptides that are produced by tissue‐specific proglucagon processing: glucagon is produced in the pancreas, whereas oxyntomodulin (OXM), glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 and GLP‐2 are produced in the intestine and brain. Better understanding of the roles of these peptides in the regulation of energy homeostasis has led to various physiological roles being proposed in mammals. For example, GLP‐1 functions as an anorexigenic neurotransmitter in the brain and as a postprandial satiety hormone in the peripheral circulation. There is evidence that OXM and GLP‐2 also induce anorexia in mammals. Therefore, it is possible that the brain‐gut peptides OXM, GLP‐1 and GLP‐2 play physiological roles in the regulation of food intake in chickens. More recently, a novel GLP and its specific receptor were identified in the chicken brain. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of glucagon‐related peptides in the regulation of food intake in chickens.     

Genetic and non-genetic factors influencing KLH binding natural antibodies and specific antibody response to Newcastle disease in Kenyan chicken populations

This study aimed at investigating the influence of genetic and non-genetic factors on immune traits to inform on possibilities of genetic improvement of disease resistance traits in local chicken of Kenya. Immune traits such as natural and specific antibodies are considered suitable indicators of an individual's health status and consequently, used as indicator traits of disease resistance. In this study, natural antibodies binding to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH-NAbs) was used to measure general disease resistance. Specific antibodies binding to Newcastle disease virus (NDV-IgG) post vaccination was used to measure specific disease resistance. Titers of KLH-NAbs isotypes (KLH-IgM, KLH-IgG and KLH-IgA) and NDV-IgG were measured in 1,540 chickens of different ages ranging from 12 to 56 weeks. A general linear model was fitted to determine the effect of sex, generation, population type, phylogenetic cluster, line, genotype and age on the antibody traits. A multivariate animal mixed model was fitted to estimate heritability and genetic correlations among the antibody traits. The model constituted of non-genetic factors found to have a significant influence on the antibody traits as fixed effects, and animal and residual effects as random variables. Overall mean (±SE) concentration levels for KLH-IgM, KLH-IgG, KLH-IgA and NDV-IgG were 10.33 ± 0.04, 9.08 ± 0.02, 6.00 ± 0.02 and 10.12 ± 0.03, respectively. Sex, generation and age (linear covariate) significantly (p < 0.05) influenced variation across all the antibody traits. Genotype effects (p < 0.05) were present in all antibody traits, apart from KLH-IgA. Interaction between generation and line was significant (p < 0.05) in KLH-IgM and NDV-IgG while nesting phylogenetic cluster within population significantly (p < 0.05) influenced all antibody traits, apart from KLH-IgA. Heritability estimates for KLH-IgM, KLH-IgG, KLH-IgA and NDV-IgG were 0.28 ± 0.08, 0.14 ± 0.06, 0.07 ± 0.04 and 0.31 ± 0.06, respectively. There were positive genetic correlations (0.40–0.61) among the KLH-NAbs while negative genetic correlations (−0.26 to −0.98) were observed between the KLH-NAbs and NDV-IgG. Results from this study indicate that non-genetic effects due to biological and environmental factors influence natural and specific antibodies and should be accounted for to reduce bias and improve accuracy when evaluating the traits. Subsequently, the moderate heritability estimates in KLH-IgM and NDV-IgG suggest selection possibilities for genetic improvement of general and specific immunity, respectively, and consequently disease resistance. However, the negative correlations between KLH-NAbs and NDV-IgG indicate the need to consider a suitable approach that can optimally combine both traits in a multiple trait selection strategies.     

酸化剂、微生态制剂和寡糖对‘麒麟鸡’生长性能和消化道酶活力的影响

为了研究酸化剂、微生态制剂和寡糖单独和联合添加对‘麒麟鸡’生长性能和消化道酶活力的影响,选择健康1日龄‘麒麟鸡’192只,随机分成8个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复8只鸡,采用L8(23)完全正交试验设计进行试验,酸化剂水平为0、0.15%,微生态制剂水平为0、0.15%,寡糖水平为0、0.10%,试验期28天。结果表明:单独添加0.15%酸化剂可提高‘麒麟鸡’生长性能、消化酶活力;单独添加0.15%微生态制剂对‘麒麟鸡’生长性能无显著影响,可提高胃蛋白酶活力;单独添加0.10%寡糖可降低‘麒麟鸡’生长性能和胃蛋白酶活力;0.15%酸化剂、0.15%微生态制剂和0.10%寡糖2种或3种联合添加对提高‘麒麟鸡’生长性能和消化酶活力的互作效应不明显。     

禽腺病毒血清4型感染鸡组织中NLRP3基因转录水平的实时荧光定量PCR分析

旨在分析禽腺病毒血清4型(FAdV-4)感染鸡组织中NLRP3基因的转录水平,本研究设计鸡NLRP3特异性引物,利用RT-PCR扩增NLRP3基因180 bp片段并克隆至pMD-18T载体,制备重组质粒pMD-18T-NL-RP3.以pMD-18T-NLRP3质粒作为标准品进行荧光定量PCR并建立标准曲线.通过反应条件...     

Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen in Soils with Contrasting Fertility Was Regulated Differently by Addition of Biochar and Animal Manures

ABSTRACT

How to restore the soil fertility and productivity in a damaged and then reclaimed area with extremely low fertility is a big concern worldwide. To explore the method of soil restoration in the coal mining subsidence area, the effects of biochar application coupled with organic fertilizer (animal manures) on the process of organic nitrogen (N) mineralization were studied in a 149 days leaching experiment. Biochar were applied (wt/wt) at the rates of 0%, 1%, and 3%. Two organic fertilizers with different C/N ratio (chicken and sheep manures) were applied at the rate of 200 mg N·kg^?1 soil. A vegetable soil with high-fertility was used as the comparison. The results showed that when treated with chicken manure, the reclaimed soil had 11.13% lower mineralization potential and 20.00% lower inorganic nitrogen production from mineralization than the vegetable soil. Compared with the non-biochar treatment, biochar at both application rates decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated reclaimed soil, i.e., by 21.49% (1% biochar) and 28.31% (3% biochar), respectively, whereas only high rate of biochar application decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated vegetable soil by 8.10%. However, N leaching in sheep manure-treated reclaimed soil was unaffected by the biochar application. Thus, the effect of the biochar on the organic nitrogen mineralization was affected by both soil and organic fertilizer type.     

施用鸡粪土壤中磷的径流损失特征研究

研究了施用鸡粪土壤中磷养分在自然降雨过程中随地表径流流失的变化规律.结果表明:颗粒附着态磷(PP)占总磷(TP)的61.1%～79.5%,是土壤中磷索在自然降雨过程中随地表径流流失的主要形态.基于作物需磷量计算鸡粪用置较基于作物需氮量能有效降低地表径流中不同形态磷浓度,其中TP降幅为8.0%～46.3%.PP降幅为6.0%～48.2%.TDP降幅为15.1%～46.0%,DIP降幅为29.4%～55.5%.表明基于作物需磷量计算鸡粪施用量能有效降低土壤中磷索在自然降雨过程中随地表径流的流失风险.添加沸石或铁盐可有效降低地表径流中TP和PP浓度,从而有效降低磷随地表径流损失的风险.