柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐对暗棕壤磷的释放效应及机制

模拟森林凋落物淋洗液中柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐浓度范围,设计了不同浓度柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐一次性和多次连续浸提系列实验,柠檬酸(阴离子)载荷量为0~200 mmol/kg。结果表明,柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐显著促进A1层暗棕壤磷的活化释放,磷释放量随浓度升高大致呈线性增加,但B层释放效应较弱。pH5.16柠檬酸盐解磷效率高于同浓度柠檬酸,因此推断,凋落物中柠檬酸(盐)促进暗棕壤磷释放的主要机理在于柠檬酸阴离子反应。柠檬酸盐对暗棕壤磷的释放具有一定的累加性,磷释放量主要由柠檬酸阴离子累积载荷量决定,而与其加入方式关系不大;柠檬酸盐加入时,磷释放量Y(mg/kg)与柠檬酸阴离子累积载荷量X(mmol/kg)间回归方程为Y=-0.0011X2 0.5187X-0.1391,R2=0.9980。仅以凋落物层溶出柠檬酸量进行估计,由此增加的A1层暗棕壤磷释放量为0.32 kg/(hm2.a),约相当于中龄林年吸收磷量的1/23~1/36,其实际作用不可忽视。     

Colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal and fine endophytic fungi in four woodland grasses – variation in relation to pH and aluminium

Acidic soils are harsh environments for plants. One of the major problems is the potential toxicity of aluminium (Al) and hydrogen ions at a pH below 5; another is the shortage of nutrients usually accompanying soil acidity. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonisation and soil acidity (measured by pH and Al concentration) in order to evaluate the possibility that AM fungi facilitate the existence of plants on acidic soils. We sampled tussocks of four grass species, Elymus caninus, Poa nemoralis, Deschampsia cespitosa and Deschampsia flexuosa, together with samples of the surrounding soil, in oak forests of varying soil pH in southern Sweden. We determined pH, easily reacting Al (Al_r), extractable Al (Al_BaCl2) and phosphate in the soil samples, analysed the shoots for Al and phosphorous and quantified the degree of AM and fine endophyte (FE) colonisation in the roots. E. caninus was found on the least acidic soils and had the highest AM colonisation of all the species studied, while D. flexuosa, which was found on the most acidic soils, had the lowest AM colonisation. P. nemoralis and D. cespitosa were intermediate with respect to pH and AM colonisation. The colonisation of AM fungi exceeded FE colonisation for E. caninus and P. nemoralis, while the opposite was true for the two Deschampsia species. Our results indicated a negative relationship between Al_r and the degree of AM colonisation at the within-species level. The low colonisation of AM fungi on acidic soils may to some extent be explained by a sensitivity of AM fungi to Al_r: this parameter showed a stronger negative association with AM colonisation than did pH and Al_BaCl2. We hypothesize that Al toxicity is a critical factor for plant nutrition in forest soils through the impact on symbiotic fungi.     

基于高通量测序技术分析使它隆对玉米根系内生菌多样性的影响

利用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,对玉米根系内生菌16S rRNA的V4~V5可变区序列进行测定,分析不同时期有杂草生长（长草组）与使用使它隆除草对玉米根系内生菌群落组成的影响。从5个玉米根系样品共得到166 647条有效序列、145 298条优质序列和4 464个细菌OTUs。Alpha多样性分析结果表明,玉米根系内生菌的群落多样性随玉米植株的生长而增加;使用使它隆除草后,群落的丰富度和均匀度在花期下降,在成熟期下降明显。对群落组成分析发现,使用使它隆除草后,与长草组相比,花期和成熟期的内生菌在门及属水平上的分布均发生较大变化。内生菌的基因功能分析表明,使用使它隆除草后,花期根系内生菌的异型生物质的降解代谢通路丰度高于未喷施使它隆的长草组样品;成熟期糖代谢通路丰度高于长草组。结果表明,喷施使它隆能降低玉米根系内生菌的多样性,并使内生菌的组成比例发生变化。花期根系内生假单胞菌属等比例的增加与异型生物质的降解代谢有关;成熟期肠杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属等比例的增加与糖代谢功能的提高有关。     

小麦幼苗内生菌多样性的宏基因组分析

小麦是世界各地广泛种植的重要禾本科作物,在生长过程中与内生菌形成和谐共生的微生态体系,内生菌次生代谢产物具有抗病、防虫与促生等重要作用。宏基因组技术是研究环境微生物及内生菌多样性的重要手段。本研究首先富集纯化幼苗期小麦内生菌的宏基因组DNA,PCR扩增内生细菌的16S rDNA及内生真菌rDNA-ITS序列,构建了大肠杆菌克隆文库,选取阳性克隆测序。根据16S rDNA信息及系统进化树对内生细菌群初步分析,划分为9个分类操作单元(operational taxonomic unites,OTUs),主要包括γ-变形菌纲肠杆菌科(95.59%)、梭菌纲(1.47%)及不可培养细菌(2.94%),其中肠杆菌科菌群为优势菌。内生真菌rDNA-ITS克隆序列根据序列相似性和系统发育分析划归为13个OTUs,主要为不可培养真菌(37.50%)与子囊菌(62.50%),后者分属于半子囊菌纲(30.00%)、座囊菌纲(5.00%)与粪壳菌纲(27.50%)3个菌纲,其中不可培养真菌为优势菌。上述研究结果表明小麦幼苗内生菌遗传多样性分布较广,本研究为进一步挖掘利用小麦内生菌资源提供了基础信息。     

Characterization of endophytic bacteria with plant growth promotion and biological control potential isolated from walnut trees

In this study, a total of 68 endophytic bacteria were isolated from different tissues of walnut trees. About 55% and 22% of the strains had the ability to produce indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid, respectively. The capability of isolates to solubilize phosphate, growth on N‐free medium, siderophore, protease and lipase production was varied. Based on phenotypic grouping and plant growth promotion properties, twelve isolates were selected and 16S rRNA gene‐based phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains showed 99%–100% similarity to Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Roseomonas and Streptomyces genera. Amongst the selected strains, PS12, KS54, JS66 and KS74 showed root and shoot growth enhancement of poplar cutting. NS70, KS54 and PL36 strains showed antagonistic activity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae;RR47, KS74 and NR69 strains had inhibition effects against Brenneria nigrifluens; and JS66 and RR26 strains had antagonistic activity against both phytopathogens under in vitro conditions. This is the first reported study to elucidate the endophytic bacterial diversity associated with walnut trees with beneficial attributes.     

覆盖地膜栽培烤烟地的杂草防除研究

作者于1992～1995年对盖透明膜烟地杂草发生规律、化学除草和覆盖有色膜控草进行了研究。烟地以一年生杂草为主。灌水后盖膜,杂草发生多集中在盖膜后10～20天,发生率达64.6％,而不盖膜的同期只发生17.8％,直到下透雨烟苗移栽60天后才出现明显的高峰,说明杂草萌发与土壤水分关系密切。试验筛选出高效、经济的除草剂及其用量等应用技术,并进行了示范验证。试验和示范结果表明,深黑膜控草效果最好,达90％以上。     

多花黄精内生贝莱斯芽胞杆菌的分离鉴定及其抗菌与促生作用分析

为鉴定药用植物内生菌的种类,采用稀释涂布平板法从多花黄精Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua的根、茎、叶内分离出11株内生菌菌株,经平板对峙法筛选出对尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum具有拮抗作用的菌株ZJU-3。经形态学、生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析,初步确定该菌株为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。通过基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)分析,发现该菌株能产生表面活性素(surfactin)、泛革素(fengycin)和伊枯草菌素(iturin)三类脂肽类化合物。利用盐酸沉淀和甲醇抽提法获得了菌株ZJU-3发酵液中脂肽粗提物。该脂肽粗提物可明显抑制尖孢镰刀菌菌丝的生长,抑制率达到51.6%。经液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)分析表明菌株ZJU-3可产生吲哚乙酸、激动素、玉米素、赤霉素等多种植物激素。温室栽培试验结果发现该菌株对多花黄精具有显著的促生效果,根长和单株根数明显高于对照组。本研究可为进一步应用该菌株提供理论依据。     

Cyclodepsipeptides: Isolation from Endophytic Fungi of Sarcophyton ehrenbergi and Verification of Their Larvicidal Activity via In-Vitro and In-Silico Studies

Culex pipiens mosquitoes are vectors to many viruses and can transmit diseases such as filariasis and avian malaria. The present study evaluated the larvicidal activity of marine-derived endophytic fungi Aspergillus nomius and Aspergillus flavus from the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi along with two known cyclodepsipeptide compounds, scopularide A (1) and B (2), isolated from A. flavus extract, against third-instar larvae of C. pipiens, using distilled water as a negative control and toosenedanin as a positive control. The structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed by various spectroscopic analyses. The lethal concentrations (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀) were calculated by probit analysis. Scopularide A was the most potent after 96 h treatment, with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 58.96 and 994.31 ppm, respectively, and with 82.66% mortality at a concentration of 300 ppm. To unravel the biochemical mechanism of the tested extracts and compounds, their effects against protease, chitinase, phenoloxidases and lipase enzymes from the whole-body tissue of C. pipiens were evaluated after 72 h treatment at LC₅₀ dose. Superior activity was observed for A. flavus extract against all tested enzymes. A molecular docking study was conducted for scopularide A and B on the four tested enzymes, to further verify the observed activity. Results revealed good binding affinities for both compounds as compared to the docked ligands, mainly via a number of hydrogen bonds. This was the first study to report the isolation of endophytic fungi A. flavus and A. nomius from the marine soft coral S. ehrenbergi. The endophytic fungal extract of A. flavus was found to be a promising source for a natural larvicidal agent against C. pipiens populations.     

黑暗和光照处理对马铃薯块茎愈伤效果影响的比较

[目的]愈伤是马铃薯块茎受损后的典型反应,受外界环境因素影响较大.比较黑暗和光照处理对马铃薯块茎愈伤效果的影响,为马铃薯采后愈伤提供理论支持.[方法]本研究选取'大西洋'马铃薯原原种为试材,人工切半后用酒精对伤口表面消毒,之后分别在黑暗和光照(11000 lx)条件下进行(20±3)℃常温((95±5)％RH)愈伤.通...     

中国黑茶对FXR及LXR核受体的作用

选用茯砖茶、花砖茶、青砖茶、黑砖茶、六堡茶、普洱茶六种黑茶,并以沱茶、米砖茶为对照材料,研究黑茶对FXR核受体及LXR核受体的活性。结果显示,黑茶具有良好的FXR核受体活性,同时,普洱茶还具有很好的LXR核受体活性;而沱茶乙酸乙酯洗脱组分具有增加FXR受体敏感性的作用。因此,黑茶具有调节胆固醇及糖代谢,有较好的抗代谢综合症活性。