食用菌线虫病害发生规律与防治研究

侵染食用菌的线虫主要来源于各种培养料、复土和污水,从食用菌床及菌体中分离到的线虫有Aphelenchoides composticola,Ditylenchus myceliophagus,Paraphelenchus myceliophthorus和3种杆型线Rhabditida、app.在蘑菇栽培期的9月中旬至10日上旬和翌年的4月下旬至5月上、中旬发生危害最重,各有一次发生高峰。用克线磷和甲醛处理培养料,蘑菇可分别平均增产2.4％～31.0％。     

On biological species, species concepts and individuation in the natural world

I am a realist and argue that biological species exist in nature. I also argue that the validity of findings of the many disciplines within the natural sciences employing biological species in their endeavours of inquiry are unequivocally linked to the accuracy of the species used in experiments. Few scientists today see the fundamental importance of taxonomic and systematic studies in both addressing accuracy of diversity and the delineation of species diversity for other areas of science. The basic controversial issues in the debate revolve around opinions regarding the nature of species as either Individuals or Classes, confusion of Species as a taxonomic category and as entities in nature, the varied practitioners studying diversity, a general lack of a Lineage perspective and a gross chauvinistic perspective on the types of data worthy of exposing and delineating diversity. I argue that species in nature are Individuals and form Lineages. As Individuals, they cannot be defined but can only be diagnosed in time. The category Species is a Class with a definition. The difficulties realised by scientists studying biodiversity in ‘defining’ a species hinges upon the fact that as natural entities they cannot be defined. Recognizing and understanding the origins of characters in species is further complicated if one views species in nature as Classes and lacks an appreciation for the Lineage and the origin and retention of traits through time. This forms an interesting paradox that many scientists have fallen victim to wherein species are viewed as Classes (hence definable, but immutable) yet are used to understand the process of descent that involves lineages and Individuals! The pre‐Darwinian Class perspective of species, combined with a common chauvinistic perspective on characters ultimately delays progress and places a ‘glass ceiling’ on species diversity for planet Earth. One resolution to the species and species concept issue is to view the concepts in a hierarchical manner of primary (theoretical) and secondary (operational) concepts. Interestingly, the issue of Individuals versus Classes for naturally occurring entities is much more widespread and exists in many other scientific fields. Thus, a hierarchical perspective of having a primary, nonoperational concept for natural entities and multiple operational concepts serving as ‘tools’ for discovering natural things consistent with the primary concept is a heuristic methodology that is applicable to the advancement of many areas of science.     

蝶泉蝴蝶考

滇西蝶泉蝴蝶经初步鉴定,分属8科,100种及7亚种。     

Durability of thermally modified timber from industrial-scale processes in different use classes: Results from laboratory and field tests

Material from four common European processes of industrial heat treatment of timber was examined comparatively with reference to biological laboratory standard tests and field tests in soil contact and above ground. The thermally modified timber (TMT) used in the study was: Plato wood from the Netherlands, ThermoWood from Finland, New Option Wood (NOW) from France, and oil-heat-treated wood (OHT) produced in Germany. Tests of resistance to basidiomycetes (EN 113, 1996) and tests of resistance to soft rotting microfungi and other soil-inhabiting microorganisms (EN 807, 1997) showed substantially lower mass losses of TMT compared with controls. Only slight differences in mass loss were found between the four thermally modified materials. Based on results from laboratory standard tests all tested heat-treated materials were classified as durable to moderately durable [durability class (DC) 2-4], analogous to the classification of natural durability (EN 350-1, 1994). In contrast, the classification of TMT samples after 5.5 years' exposure in soil contact, in accordance with EN 252 (1990), was slightly durable to not durable (DC 4-5), whereas the classification obtained after 5.5 years' exposure in double layers in European hazard class (EHC) 3 (EN 335-1, 1992) was very durable to moderately durable (DC 1-3). On the basis of 5.5 years' field testing, thermally modified material (independent of the treatment process and supplier) appears not to be suitable for in-ground contact application. However, the suitability of TMT for use out of ground in EHC 3 was ascertained and is recommended.     

三明市杉木,马尾松人工林材种出材率表编制的研究

三明市材种出材率表编制是根据部，省有关材种规格标准，进行现场造材，共收集１１６４株样木，其中杉木５５６株，马尾松６０８株。采用电子计算机对样木进行计算和分析，以确定各树种树高级，径阶、材积、树皮率、出材量和出材率。     

濒危植物巴东木莲RAPD扩增反应体系的建立

以巴东木莲叶片为材料,通过对反应体系中Mg2+、dNTP、Taq酶、模板、引物浓度等影响因素的优化,确定了一套适于巴东木莲RAPD分析的稳定反应体系,即25μl的总反应体系中:模板DNA 100 ng,Mg2+2.1 mM,引物0.7μM,dNTP0.20 mM,TaqDNA聚合酶3 U。     

基于Ansys的液压钻机底盘稳态载荷分析

根据液压钻机的实际工作状态,研究履带架的受力特点,通过建立实体简易液压钻机整体结构模型,介绍一种有限元简便分析方法,对履带架结构的受力状况进行了系统分析,从而确定了履带架实际工作中的几种危险工况,并结合危险工况对履带架进行了有限元分析,得到更精确的履带架的强度分布,为履带架设计提供更准确的依据。     

土壤和地下水化学类型和垂向主组分的动态—以河北曲周盐渍土区为例

以河北曲周县北部盐渍土区为基地 ,重点研究了土壤和地下水以阴离子组分为基础的化学类型的动态 ,以及主要化学组分的垂向变化和动态。根据土壤 -地下水典型点的研究 ,在 4年研究时段内 ,该区土壤化学类型的动态以季节变化类较多 ,相对稳定类其次。地下水的化学类型则以相对稳定类较多 ,转化类其次。相对于土壤而言 ,地下水的化学类型较为稳定。从土壤 -地下水主组分的垂向变化及其动态分析 ,它们反映了所处的河流微地貌部位、气候和人为措施等的影响 ,并遵循着地球化学组分的迁移规律。文中还提出了盐渍土化学类型的动态分类标准、确定主组分的简化指标和与其它学科统一的盐渍土化学分类指标和命名方法的初步意见     

福建省刚竹毒蛾灾区区划及其应用

根据区划理论,应用现代数学方法和计算机技术,将福建省刚竹毒蛾灾区区划为3个区和3个危险程度等级,并按照不同的的危险程度等级区域,分别建立发生面积预测预报数学模型,经检验,所建立的模型具有较高的精度,可以推广应用.     

秦岭火地塘林区油松和锐齿栎林倒木呼吸通量研究

【目的】加深对倒木呼吸年变化过程和机制的认识,获得准确的倒木呼吸年通量,为森林碳循环研究提供更加准确的数据。【方法】在秦岭火地塘林区主要森林类型油松林和锐齿栎林内各设置100 m×100 m的固定样地6块,根据相关标准将样地内倒木划分为5个腐烂等级,在样地内选择直径在(25±5) cm、腐烂等级不同的油松和锐齿栎倒木各3株,通过红外气体分析法原位测定倒木呼吸速率,同时测定倒木温度、倒木含水量和林内10 cm深处土壤温度,并计算油松林和锐齿栎林的倒木呼吸年通量,通过分析油松和锐齿栎倒木呼吸速率年变化、倒木呼吸速率与倒木温度和含水量的关系,比较油松林和锐齿栎林倒木呼吸年通量的差异。【结果】(1)油松和锐齿栎倒木各月呼吸速率均变化显著(P0.05),8月份最高,分别为4.78和6.45μmol/(m~2·s),2月份最低,分别为0.10和0.06μmol/(m~2·s);倒木呼吸速率与倒木温度、倒木含水量和倒木腐烂等级均呈显著正相关(P0.05),倒木温度解释了67%以上的倒木呼吸变化;锐齿栎((1.72±1.64)μmol/(m~2·s))与油松((1.57±1.45)μmol/(m~2·s))间的年均倒木呼吸速率无显著性差异(P0.05)。(2)油松林((66.04±8.25) g/(m~2·a))和锐齿栎林((73.32±8.68) g/(m~2·a))的倒木呼吸年通量无显著性差异(P0.05),但油松林的倒木表面积((1 008.83±89.84) m~2)显著高于锐齿栎林((844.56±64.58) m~2,P0.05)。【结论】油松和锐齿栎倒木呼吸的年变化均呈现出基本一致的单峰曲线格局,主要受倒木温度的驱动,同时倒木含水量和腐烂等级也对倒木呼吸有显著影响,但树种对倒木呼吸的影响较小。