禾谷类作物编码与雄性不育相关线粒体蛋白核基因筛选策略

植物细胞质雄性不育（CMS）是指植物不能产生具有正常功能的花粉。控制CMS的基因存在于线粒体中,核基因对线粒体基因表达具顺向调节作用,而线粒体对核基因表达具有反向调节作用。目前植物线粒体蛋白组研究主要以营养器官为材料,主要粮食作物如水稻、小麦及玉米等都存在花药小、花期短、同一花序的花药发育不同步等。文章介绍了线粒体起源及植物线粒体蛋白组和植物CMS的研究现状,禾谷类作物花药线粒体蛋白组研究的重要性及困难,提出利用比较基因组学筛选水稻编码线粒体蛋白、与雄性不育相关的核基因的策略,以期为研究禾谷类作物特别是水稻CMS机理提供参考。     

烤烟胞质雄性不育杂种农艺性状的遗传分析

为明确新选育的烤烟胞质雄性不育系农艺性状的遗传效应及杂种优势利用潜力,以3个烤烟胞质雄性不育系和4个推广烤烟品种为材料,配成12个杂种,利用简单加性-显性遗传模型对烤烟株高、有效叶数、叶长、叶宽、叶长宽比、茎围、节距和单叶重农艺性状进行遗传分析。结果表明,8个农艺性状受环境的影响大,遗传率较低;农艺性状主要受显性或加性与环境互作效应控制,株高、叶长、叶宽和叶长宽比的显性效应显著高于加性效应,而有效叶、茎围、节距和单叶重的显性效应和加性效应几乎相当;MsYZ203-6、MsYZ216-1和MsYZ206-9烤烟胞质雄性不育系的重要农艺性状存在较大的显性效应,在配制的组合中有较强的杂种优势表现。     

棉花胞质雄性不育恢复系选育技术探索

 以成功培育出胞质雄性不育恢复系所积累的资料为依据,提出了以与胞质雄性不育系具相同遗传背景的可育种质为原始材料,利用遗传过滤技术培育胞质雄性不育恢复系的选育方法。论述了遗传过滤技术及其应用原则,可作为棉花杂种优势利用研究中胞质雄性不育恢复系培育的参考。     

棉花新型D8胞质雄性不育的细胞质效应研究

 利用3个不育系、3个同质保持系和3个恢复系配制不育系×恢复系、保持系×恢复系、恢复系×保持系三种类型组合,研究新型三裂棉（D8）不育胞质对棉花杂交种产量性状和纤维品质的影响。结果表明：D8不育胞质对子棉和皮棉产量有极显著的负效应,子棉平均减产15.3%～25.6%,皮棉减产25.0%～39%;但D8胞质对不同产量因素的影响不同,平均降低铃重0.89～1.00 g,降低衣分4.59%～7.08%,对单株结铃数无明显影响。D8胞质不育对纤维长度和整齐度没有影响,还可以提高纤维比强度1.0～1.1 cN·tex^-1,降低麦克隆值1.4～1.5,增加纤维伸长率0.4。不同的基因型受D8不育胞质的影响不同,通过选择合适的基因型,可以减小胞质对铃重和衣分的负面影响,选育出优良的胞质不育三系杂交棉\{品种。     

云南紫稻细胞质无花粉型三系及杂种F1的AFLP指纹图谱的构建与分析

利用AFLP分子标记对云南紫稻细胞质无花粉水稻三系及杂种F1进行了指纹图谱的构建与比较分析。从14对引物中筛选出8对具有明显多态性的引物。天香018（天香A×珞恢018)材料组（不育系、保持系、恢复系及杂种F1）共扩增出179条带,其中有52条多态性谱带,占总带数的29.05％,平均每对引物可以扩增出6.50条多态性谱带;天香806(天香A×珞恢806)材料组(不育系、保持系、恢复系及杂种F1）共扩增出177条带,其中有50条差异带,占总带数的28.25％,平均每对引物可以扩增出6.25条多态性谱带。特别明显的是在引物对E ATG/M CAC的扩增中,在AFLP指纹图谱中出现两条特征带（a带和b带）,为保持系所特有,能够明显区别于不育系、恢复系和F1。在另外一些引物对中也观察到不育系与保持系之间的差异带。     

Mapping of Rice Fertility-Restoring Genes for ID-Type Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in a Restorer Line R68

An F2 population derived from the cross Zhong 9NR68 was used to map the fertility-restoring (Rf) gene for ID-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS).Two bulks (a fertile bulk and a sterile bulk) were constructed by pooling equal amount of ten highly fertile lines and ten highly sterile lines,respectively.Four hundred and thirteen pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers,which evenly distributed on 12 chromosomes of rice,were selected for analyzing polymorphisms between the parents and between the two bulks.The primer RM283 on chromosome 1 and the primers RM5756,RM258,RM6100 and RM171 on chromosome 10 were found to be polymorphic between the parents and between the two bulks.These five SSR markers were linked to fertility-restoring genes.A total of 82 excessive sterile lines were selected from Zhong 9NR68 F2 population to estimate the genetic distance between five SSR markers and fertility-restoring genes respectively.The results indicated that one Rf gene was linked to RM283 located on chromosome 1 at a distance of 6.7 cM,and the other Rfgene was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 10 flanked by RM258 and RM6100 at the distances of 8.0 cM and 2.4 cM,respectively.     

甘蓝型油菜新不育系恢复材料花药培养影响因素的研究

新不育系（NEA）材料是一种不同于波里马细胞质雄不育系（Polcms）的新胞质雄不育系,该不育系不育性彻底、性状一致、遗传稳定、蜜腺和柱头发育正常、叶色深绿、生长势强、配合力高。经过多年的努力研制出了新不育恢复系（NER）。该试验就这一特殊材料进行花药培养,研究影响该材料的花培影响因素,为以后培育大量花培植株构建DH群体,进行遗传性状、分子标记和基因定位研究以及迅速纯化单倍体等更好地利用该新材料打下基础。     

Mapping of minor quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring fertility restoration of wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility and QTLs conferring stigma exsertion in rice

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) hybrid rice has made a great contribution to the increase of rice yield globally. To facilitate the development of high‐quality pairs of the wild abortive (WA) male sterile and maintainer lines, the genetic basis of fertility restoration of WA‐CMS and stigma exsertion was investigated in this study using a testcross population with the WA‐CMS background. Seed‐setting rate and stigma exsertion rate were used as the indicators of the two traits, respectively. Results showed that four minor QTL regions from 9311 were responsible for the variation of seed‐setting rate, while a few minor QTLs and epistatic QTL pairs influenced stigma exsertion rate. These results would be of great use in the development of high‐quality pairs of WA male sterile and maintainer lines in rice.     

Identification of AFLP and SSR markers linked with the male fertility restorer gene of CMS 06J45 in heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis)

In this study, AFLP and SSR techniques were combined with the bulk segregant analysis (BSA) method to map the restorer gene BrRfp using an F₂‐segregating population comprising 258 individuals developed by crossing the polima (pol)‐like cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line 06J45 and the restorer line 01S325 of heading Chinese cabbage. A survey of 2048 AFLP primer pairs identified 21 polymorphic fragments, approximately half of which exhibited high similarity with the A09 chromosome sequence of Brassica rapa in the Brassica database (BRAD). Based on the genome sequence, three specific AFLP fragments linked with BrRfp were successfully converted into sequence‐characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, named SC1233, SC2673 and SC2141. Subsequently, 178 pairs of SSR primers were redesigned for further screening, with five producing polymorphic amplification patterns. Linkage analysis showed that these markers were distributed along both sides of the BrRfp gene, with two markers, SSR03 and SSR2528, co‐segregating with the BrRfp locus in the F₂ population. These results may be valuable for marker‐assisted selection and map‐based cloning in heading Chinese cabbage.     

不同类型亲本的杂交粳稻产量性状比较

收集不同熟期、不同类型的BT型粳稻不育系(保持系)和恢复系,对亲本分别按不同性状进行聚类,比较分析不同类型亲本配组杂种后代的性状表现,结果表明:1)不同类型亲本配组,杂种的性状一般表现为中间类型;2)亲本的抽穗期、株高对杂种单株穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、单株产量、单株颖花量等多数产量性状无明显影响。亲本的穗粒结构对杂种的穗粒构成有明显影响,多穗型亲本间配组,杂种每穗总粒数及单株颖花量、产量潜力均较小;大穗型亲本间配组,杂种每穗总粒数及单株颖花量、产量潜力均较大;3)以多穗型不育系与大穗型恢复系配组,产量较高,是现有亲本配制杂交粳稻一种较好的配组方式;4)直立穗不育系与弯曲穗恢复系配组,杂种单株颖花量最多,产量潜力最大,而且株叶形态较好,如筛选到结实率高的组合,该配组方式的杂种具有较高的增产潜力。