Development of Novel Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Source from Dongxiang Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon)

This study was conducted to develop and characterize a novel cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS)source which was identified from Dongxiang wild rice(Oryza rufipogon)by crossing Dongxiang wild rice as female with Zhongzao 35,an indica inbred variety,as male and continuous backcrossing with Zhongzao 35.Observation under optical microscope manifested that this novel CMS belonged to typical abortion type with less pollen compared with wild abortive type cytoplasm(CMS-WA).Sequential planting showed that this novel CMS has complete and stable male sterility.Testcross experiment showed that all the 24 tested materials including maintainer and restorer lines of CMS-WA and Honglian type cytoplasm(CMS-HL)and other indica inbred varieties are the maintainers with complete maintaining ability,suggesting that this novel CMS has fertility restoration totally different from CMS-WA and CMS-HL and belongs to a novel type of CMS.So far,we only discovered a unique fertility restoration source for this novel CMS.Inheritance analysis showed that the fertility restoration of this CMS was governed by three pairs of independent dominant genes.Prospect for application of this novel CMS system in hybrid rice breeding was also discussed.     

Changes in the amount of proteins, glycogen and lipids in porcine oocytes during in vitro meiotic maturation

Changes in the cytoplasmic inclusions during meiotic maturation were histochemically examined in cultured porcine oocytes. The oocytes contained a small amount of protein and glycogen granules throughout the maturation culture, as well as Sudanophilic lipids composed of small, medium and large droplets. Soon after collection, the amount of Sudanophilic lipid droplets of small and medium size was small and there were 167 ± 11.2 large droplets. After being cultured for 22 h, the number of large lipid droplets decreased remarkably, while the number of small and medium ones increased. There were no differences in the number of Sudanophilic lipid droplets of different sizes between ovulated oocytes and the oocytes cultured for 44 h. The oocytes always contained a large amount of neutral fats and lipoids, but not cholesterols. In the oocytes cultured for 22 h with olomoucine, both the resumption of nuclear maturation and the decrease in the size of the Sudanophilic lipid droplets were inhibited. From the present findings, it appears that the change in the size of the Sudanophilic lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of porcine oocytes is closely related to nuclear maturation.     

红麻雄性不育系、保持系及杂交F2代越冬期间抗寒性的比较研究

以红麻细胞质雄性不育系、保持系及杂交F2代为材料,鉴定其越冬期间,在自然低温胁迫条件下的抗寒性及相关生理生化指标的变化。结果表明:(1)经平均5.76℃连续15 d的自然低温胁迫后,不育系L23A和P3A的抗寒性明显强于其对应的保持系;在L23A/福红992杂交F2代植株中,不育株的抗寒性也明显强于可育株;(2)不育系L23A和P3A茎皮中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量及超氧化物歧化酶活性等生理指标均高于保持系,而L23A和P3A的相对电导率比相应的保持系都小;(3)在L23A/福红992杂交F2代植株中,不育株茎皮中可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量及超氧化物歧化酶活性等高于可育株,相对电导率低于可育株,其抗寒性相关生理生化指标表现出与不育系、保持系相同的变化规律。     

植物细胞质雄性不育及其在育种中的应用

细胞质雄性不育的研究在杂种优势利用上具有重要的实践意义。主要以能量为切入点阐述了植物线粒体引起细胞质雄性不育的作用机制,对提出的2种主要假说做了相关分析;从转录后调控和翻译后调控2个层面对育性恢复的机制作了详细的阐述;综述了近年来细胞质不育在植物育种上的应用所取得的成就。随着对多个物种全基因组和线粒体基因组序列测序的完成以及比较基因组学和生物信息学方法的建立和不断完善,相信对细胞质雄性不育机制的研究会有很大的进展。参23     

作物核质杂种优势理论的探讨和育种应用的初步设想──依据水稻野败型三系和杂交稻花粉育性的遗传提出

作物杂种优势可分为核核互作和核质互作两部分．细胞质基因和细胞质、细胞核基因互作对杂种优势效应的遗传机制尚不清楚．本文在综合分析国内外对水稻野败型三系和杂种Ｆ１花粉育性遗传研究的基础上提出“细胞质基因、细胞核基因互为优势效应”的概念，认为“细胞质基因、细胞核基因互为优势效应和核、质优势效应基因互作产生核、质杂种优势”．同时还提出核、质杂种优势育种应用的初步设想．     

甘蓝型油菜改良型不育系RGCMS—1141A的选育

利用作者提出的“植物细胞核 细胞质雄性不育”的理论,对在生产上大面积推广的甘蓝型油菜波里马细胞质雄性不育优质杂交种“华杂4号”的亲本不育系1141A进行遗传改良,选育出遗传背景基本保持不变的油菜细胞核 细胞质雄性不育系RGCMS-1141A及其保持系RGCMS-1141B。     

植物细胞质雄性不育与线粒体基因组的分子生物学研究进展

本文综述了植物细胞质雄性不育和线粒体基因组基因及其表达产物的分子生物学研究进展。对细胞质雄性不育遗传因子的细胞器定位、线粒体基因组嵌合基因及其表达产物与细胞质雄性不育的产生的关系、育性恢复基因对线粒体嵌合基因表达的影响、线粒体质粒和RNA 编辑对细胞质雄性不育的影响等细胞质雄性不育的分子生物学研究进展进行了讨论。     

水稻细胞质效应对杂种优势的影响研究

利用已大面积应用的株1S、准S、培矮64S、7001S等两用不育系与R16、R32、成恢210、颜111R、R968、蜀恢527等10个常规稻配制的70个F1正反交组合为材料,在相同栽培条件下比较正反交组合农艺性状差异,研究细胞质效应对杂种优势影响的规律,为充分利用两系法杂交水稻优势,培育优质、高产组合提供更全面的理论认识.(1)以细胞质完全相同的株1S、陆18S分别与R16、颜111 R、R968、9311、广陆矮4号配制的正反组合材料中,地上部分干重、有效稳、穗长、实粒数、总粒数、单株总粒重达到显著差异,说明这些性状受细胞质效应的影响.而株高、结实率、千粒重和分蘖数4个性状也存在差异,但在株1S、陆18 S配制的组合中呈现的规律不同,表明这4个性状与核质互作有关.(2)在不同细胞质背景下,籼粳亚种间杂交组合结实率都偏低,表明亚种杂交不亲和性主要受核基因控制,与细胞质效应无关.(3)对株1S、培矮64S、7001S,准S等4种不育系细胞质正反交组合的生物学产量进行比较发现,正交生物学产量高于反交的组合数以株1S细胞质为最高,到达64.3％,表明该细胞质具有广谱配合力.其他细胞质正交优势组合数都低于50％,7001S、准S分别仅为37.5％、36.4％,推测7001S、准S细胞质可能具有特殊配合力的特点.(4)以R16为母本配制的组合其株高明显变矮、地上部分干重变轻、单株总粒重变轻,表明R 16的细胞质不利于杂种优势的发挥,存在细胞质负效应现象.     

粳稻BT型细胞质雄性不育恢复基因功能标记的开发与应用

 为提高粳稻BT型细胞质雄性不育恢复基因的选择效率,在前人克隆的基础上,根据其恢复系与不育系在Rf1a位点574 bp的碱基插入/缺失,设计出功能标记InDel Rf1a。利用该标记对不同地区来源的72份籼、粳稻材料进行检测,结果表明所有的常规籼稻品种、恢复系及保持系在Rf1a位点并不存在缺失,其基因型为Rf1aRf1a。这些材料对粳稻BT型细胞质雄性不育系具有恢复育性的作用;而绝大多数常规粳稻品种（爱知106和伊粳12号除外）在该位点存在缺失,其基因型为rf1arf1a,它们对BT型细胞质雄性不育系具有保持不育的能力。同时,为进一步验证该标记对不同基因型的检测效果,利用其对粳稻恢复系、不育系、杂交组合以及863A/宁恢 8号 F2分离群体的DNA进行扩增,根据其电泳带型可准确区分出Rf1a位点的3种基因型。     

籼型杂交稻亲本米质性状的遗传效应对比分析

选用3个不同米质类型的不育系粤丰A、Y华农A和珍汕97A及其相应的保持系,分别与3个恢复系广恢998、广恢128和广恢96杂交构建27个正、反交F1,并以这些亲本与杂种F1为供试材料,对主要稻米品质性状进行了多重比较分析。结果表明,不育细胞质效应和母体效应均对杂种F1的米粒长宽比、垩白粒率、垩白度和直链淀粉含量(AC)有显著影响,且因质核互作效应的不同,存在组合的特异性;但对糙米率、整精米率和胶稠度的影响不显著;低垩白米率和低垩白度对高垩白米率和高垩白度具有部分显性作用,利用低垩白米率和低垩白度的不育系/保持系和恢复系(如广恢998)组配,可获得垩白米率和垩白度较低的杂种F1。亲本的整精米率高低直接影响其所配杂种F1的整精米率;低AC与低AC的双亲杂交,其F1的AC与低值亲本相同,高AC与低AC亲本或高AC与中等AC的亲本杂交,其F1的AC往往偏向高值亲本;在胶稠度方面,只有软胶稠度与软胶稠度亲本杂交,才能组配出软胶稠度的杂交稻。