Genetics, Development, and Application of Cytoplasmic Herbicide Resistance in Foxtail Millet

The effect of cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene in millet plants was studied. The heterozygous populations and isogenic lines with homocaryotic alloplasmic genes were obtained by crossing and reciprocal crossing of cytoplasmic herbicide resistant plants with susceptive plants of foxtail millet. The characters of F1, F2, backcross and composite cross groups, and the growth and development of isogenic lines were compared. The cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene slowed the development of seedling, delayed heading, and shortened the milking stage in the foxtail millet plant. Yield capacity and main agronomic characters were all affected by the cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene in most of the backcross, composite cross, and F2 populations. However, there was stronger hybrid vigor in F1. The backcrosses, composite crosses, and F2 populations were widely separated and some of them had good characters similar to those of susceptive groups. The plant characters and development of foxtail millet were negatively affected by the cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene. The authors proposed a method of using hybrid vigor to obtain high yield and avoid the negative effects of herbicide resistance cytoplasm in plant growth. The expected results could be obtained by selecting individuals in separate populations of fast developed seedlings, well-developed roots, and with capacities of early heading and fast milking. Guided by the principal mentioned above, many high yield lines and hybrid crosses of foxtail millet with herbicide resistant cytoplasm were obtained.     

榨菜胞质雄性不育系和保持系花器发育过程中内源激素变化

采用ＨＰＬＣ法分析比较了榨菜胞质雄性不育系和保持系花器发育过程中内源ＩＡＡ、ＺＴ和ＡＢＡ的变化．结果表明：不育系雄蕊内源ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量随花器发育而缓慢增长，在大花蕾和盛花时期，每枚雄蕊ＩＡＡ含量为１．８ｎｇ和８．０ｎｇ；ＺＴ含量为１９．２ｎｇ和２２．４ｎｇ，分别为同期保持系雄蕊的１７％、４１％和４０％、１５％，ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ出现明显亏损．从小花蕾→大花蕾→盛开花，不育系雄蕊中ＡＢＡ含量分别为同期保持系的４７％、１２％和１５％．随着花粉的发育和成熟，不育系雄蕊内ＡＢＡ亏损更明显．两系雌蕊中内源ＩＡＡ含量均极低，ＺＴ和ＡＢＡ含量差异也不及雄蕊明显     

水稻雄性不育细胞质和核质互作的遗传表现

选用两个恢复系 IR_(24)、IR_(30),两个带有野败细胞质的置换系(W)IR_(24)、(W)IR_(30),以及由它们与雄性不育系(W)朝阳1号 A 和(G)朝阳1号 A 及其共同保持系朝阳1号 B 配制的16个F_1杂种,研究野败和冈型细胞质及核质互作的遗传表现。结果表明;①细胞核相同或类似而细胞质不同的核质组合,呈现出不同程度的细胞质效应。野败和冈型细胞质对单株产量、结实率、实粒数、着粒密度、穗颈长和株高有显著效应,对千粒重,最高分蘖数、有效穗数、抽穗期和穗长的影响不明显。相关分析揭示,这两种雄性不育细胞质对产量的负作用主要是通过实粒数而实现的。②在不同的核背景下,这两种细胞质的效应程度很不一样,涉及的性状包括产量、总粒数、实粒数、株高,穗颈长和结实率等。作者认为,这是核质互作现象。文中还对核质互作效应、雄性不育细胞质的副作用及解决的可能措施等问题进行了讨论。     

温度对油菜细胞质雄性不育系酯酶同工酶的影响研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳，研究了温度与甘蓝型油菜ｐｌｉｍａ细胞质雄性不育系０７Ａ及其保持系其保持系０７Ｂ叶片和茎尖酯酶同工酶的变化。结果表明，不同生育期的环境温度对０７Ａ体内酯酶同工酶种类和活性都有影响，温度过高或过低都会使酯酶同工酶种类减少，活性降低，高温比低温的变化大。     

玉米细胞质雄性不育系物质代谢系统的研究

对玉米Mo_(17)核背景三种雄性不育细胞质(T、C、S)系及正常可育细胞质(N)系小孢子发育过程中花药组织的物质代谢系统进行了研究。发现在小孢子发生及败育的所有过程中,雄性不育细胞质系花药组织淀粉、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量以及淀粉酶活性均显著低于正常可育细胞质系。讨论了玉米细胞质雄性不育性的“物质亏损”现象及其原因。     

玉米细胞质雄性不育性(CMS)的激素调控机制

在以前的研究中我们首次报道了玉米细胞质雄性不育(CMS)花药组织生长素亏损——细胞分裂素盈积现象。这种激素含量的异常在雄性不育性的表达与实现进程中起着重要的调节作用,但现有的研究资料尚不能揭示这种调节作用的机制。本文根据目前有关激素作用机制的几种认识以及玉米 CMS 分子生物学研究成果,结合作用对玉米 CMS 小孢子发育和败育过程中物质代谢系统、能量代谢系统、植物激素系统、生物物理系统、细胞学及超微结构等方面的研究结果,对认识 CMS 机制中有代表性的 Flavell 假说进行了评述,对激素调控玉米 CMS 的可能的分子机制提出了自己的看法。     

小麦T型雄性不育系及其杂交种种子皱缩问题的研究

对小麦 T 型雄性不育系与其保持系(A×B)、不育系与恢复系(A×R)、保持系与恢复系(B×R)以及恢复系与保持系(R×B)等杂交种的试验分析表明,不育系及其杂交种种子皱缩的生化原因在发种于子育后期α—淀粉酶活性增强所致;其遗传原因与种子本身的基因及母体效型应有关:种子形成过程中的条件对种子皱缩程度也有影响。据此提出了克服 T 型小麦雄性不育系及其杂交种种子皱缩的三条途径。     

雄性不育烟草atp6基因育性相关生物信息学分析

线粒体基因atp6与多种植物细胞质雄性不育(CMS)关系密切。为探索atp6基因致烟草CMS的潜能,以2对烟草不育系和相应保持系为材料克隆atp6基因,测序结果显示不育系与保持系atp6基因间有6个碱基差异。进一步的生物信息学分析结果表明,6个碱基差异导致4个预测氨基酸残基差异及差异残基所处区域的亲/疏水性改变,不育系atp6基因预测蛋白在二级结构和结构域上均呈现出周期结构(主要为α-螺旋)增加而非周期结构(主要为无规卷曲)减少的趋势,不育系atp6基因的碱基差异能在一定程度上引起编码亚基空间结构类型发生改变。推测atp6编码亚基尤其是亚基结构域空间结构类型的改变可能干扰线粒体F₀F₁-ATP合成酶的功能,从而成为影响烟草育性的因素之一。     

水稻细胞质雄性不育恢复性的等位基因分化

选用WA型、Y型和DA型3种细胞质的4个不育系(博白A、珍汕97A、协青早A和Y华农A)对6个单片段代换系、8个双片段聚合系和华粳籼74的恢复力进行测交鉴定,结果表明:(1)6个单片段代换系、8个双片段聚合系和华粳籼74对于4个不育系的恢复力存在显著的不同,携带有Rf3基因座位的单片段代换系的恢复力均低于携带有Rf4基因座位的单片段代换系,并且低于对照品种(华粳籼74);单片段代换系S6对这3种不育细胞质均具有较强的恢复力,单片段代换系S5对珍汕97A(WA)、协青早A(DA)具有较强的恢复力。(2)在华粳籼74的遗传背景下,4个不育系可恢复性存在差异,程度依次为:协青早A>博白A>珍汕97A>Y华农A,即Y华农A的不育性最难恢复,而协青早A的不育性最易恢复。(3)在恢复基因Rf3和Rf4基因座分别鉴定出4个等位基因,由弱到强依次命名为Rf31、Rf32、Rf33、Rf34和Rf41、Rf42、Rf43、Rf44,受体亲本华粳籼74的基因型为Rf34Rf34Rf42Rf42,即华粳籼74携带的Rf3基因的恢复性很强,携带的Rf4基因恢复性却比较弱。(4)携带有较弱恢复性基因(Rf3和Rf4)的单片段代换系聚合为双片段聚合系后恢复力有减小的趋势。本研究结果将为水稻三系的选育和恢复基因的转移奠定基础。     

Development and Application of SCAR Markers for Discriminating Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Lines from Their Cognate Maintainer Lines in Indica Rice

The DNA fragments about 1 600 bp were amplified using random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) primer OPA12 with the templates of mitochondrial DNA of Zhenshan 97A and Zhenshan 97B,and were sequenced.The nucleotide sequences and lengths of the fragments from Zhenshan 97A and Zhenshan 97B showed no difference.The precise length of the fragment was 1 588 bp.Sequence characterized amplification region (SCAR) primers were then developed to discriminate the cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines and their maintainer lines.A specific 1 588 bp fragment could be amplified with SCAR primers,CHI19F2/CHI19R2 and CHI20F3/CHI23R3,in the mitochondrial DNA of Zhenshan 97A,but not Zhenshan 97B.Furthermore,the specific fragment could be also amplified from the total DNA from green leaf tissues of Zhenshan 97A with SCAR primers,but not Zhenshan 97B.With the corresponding primers,the specific fragment could also be amplified from the total DNA of green leaves of other two CMS lines with wild abortive type cytoplasm (CMS-WA),namely Zhenpin A and Tianfeng A,but not in their maintainer lines.Moreover,using total DNA as template,each of the four pairs of SCAR primers could also be used to amplify the 1 588 bp fragment in CMS-ID (Indonesia paddy type) line Ⅱ-32A,but not in II-32B,and the specific fragment was amplified from the DNA of both F1 and F2 seedlings of Shanyou 63.The results of detecting the genetic purity of a man-made mixture of the seeds of Zhenshan 97A using CHI20F3/CHI23R3 were completely consistent with the phenotypes.Taken together,these results indicated that the specific 1 588 bp-fragment amplified by CHI20F3/CHI23R3 was the unique amplification products of CMS mitochondrial DNA,and could be used to distinguish CMS-WA and CMS-ID lines from their corresponding maintainer lines at the seedling stage.