Cytoplasmic relatedness of apple landraces and cultivars: a molecular analysis

Summary Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity has been determined in apple landraces and cultivars, based upon restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for several mitochondrial genes. Our analysis includes three cultivars, Golden Delicious, McIntosh and Delicious, which represent the various patterns of mtDNA polymorphisms previously described (Ishikawa et al., 1992). A total of five RFLPs were detected, allowing classification of the apple genotypes into four cytoplasmic groups: GroupI, Golden Delicious-type; GroupII, McIntosh-type; GroupIII, Delicious-type; and Group IV, Dolgo Crab-type. European landraces and cultivars were assigned to Groups I, II, and III, while chinese crab apples were placed in either Group III or IV.     

壁蜂与蜜蜂对棉花胞质雄性不育系的传粉特性比较

为了筛选适用于棉花胞质雄性不育系授粉的蜂种,2013―2014年以蜜蜂为对照,在网室内进行壁蜂对棉花胞质雄性不育系授粉试验,观察壁蜂和蜜蜂在棉花花朵上的生物学特性,并进行田间性状的统计分析。结果表明:壁蜂的适应性较好,受天气影响较小,但温度超过35℃后访花活动明显减少;壁蜂在不育系和保持系上的单花停留时间极显著大于蜜蜂。壁蜂授粉与蜜蜂授粉,在单株结铃数、单铃籽粒数和衣分上差异极显著,单株果枝数、铃重差异显著。蜜蜂授粉较壁蜂授粉平均制种产量高,但壁蜂制种成本低。改进田间管理措施以及采用多次适时释放壁蜂的方式,壁蜂授粉将会在棉花胞质雄性不育系授粉中发挥更大作用。     

Development of new sources of cytoplasmic male-sterile lines in rice

Two male-sterile lines, KalashreeA and PadminiA, with a Miz.21 cytoplasm source were developed through indica/indica hybridization followed by repeated backcrossing with their respective recurrent male parents (Kalashree and Padmini) up to the BC₆ generation. These two cytoplasmic male-sterile lines are suitable for use in the development of hybrids for lowland situations owing to their intermediate to semi-tall stature, late flowering duration, good grain quality and easy fertility restoration ability.     

高赖氨酸玉米（Opaque－2）数量性状的遗传研究

研究了１７个高赖氨酸玉米（Ｏｐａｑｕｅ－２玉米，简称Ｏ－２玉米）的数量性状遗传，并应用三倍体模型对籽粒的主要性状遗传效应进行了研究。采用ＭｉＮＱＵＥ（１）估算方差分量以及预测遗传效应值方法分析了双列杂交试验资料，遗传估算方差结果表明，籽粒长度、宽度、厚度、百粒重、赖氨酸含量（Ｌｙｓｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ）和每粒赖氨酸含量（Ｌｙｓ／Ｇｒａ）都受母体植株基因和细胞质基因控制，另外，这些性状都容易受非遗传因素的影响。遗传效应预测值分析表明，籽粒性状上直接效应不明显，最主要效应是母体加、显性效应和细胞质效应，在某些性状上细胞质效应和母体效应方向相反，因此，在育种工作中必须考虑效应的重组，选择适当的杂交组合。在本实验所研究的性状中，只有籽粒百粒重杂种优势比较明显。     

枇杷果实EjNADP-ME2基因及启动子克隆与表达分析

以‘解放钟’和‘白梨’果实为材料,研究基于转录组筛选出的表达量较高且在2个品种中有差异的EjNADP-ME2（Unigene0001461）基因,采用RACE和RT-PCR技术成功克隆EjNADP-ME2的cDNA全长。系统进化树分析表明,EjNADP-ME2与苹果的NADP-ME基因关系最近。生物信息学预测结果显示,EjNADP-ME2蛋白应该位于细胞质中。用染色体步移法成功克隆了EjNADP-ME2的启动子序列,序列预测该基因启动子区域含有水杨酸、茉莉酸、脱落酸响应的顺式作用元件,此外还有厌氧诱导元件、MYB和MYC参与黄化和干旱诱导的结合位点MBS。荧光定量PCR分析表明,EjNADP-ME2基因的表达量变化趋势在2个品种中大致相同,均呈现出先降低后升高又降低的趋势,且该基因在低酸品种的表达量稍低于高酸品种。相关性分析结果显示,低酸品种EjNADP-ME2基因转录水平与苹果酸含量呈显著负相关。本研究的结果为进一步探究EjNADP-ME2基因在苹果酸代谢途径中的功能奠定坚实基础。     

瓣化型胡萝卜雄性不育基因atp6的CAPS标记建立

根据atp6的基因序列设计特异扩增引物,以瓣化型胡萝卜核质互作雄性不育系H05A及其保持系H05B为试材,扩增获得了1条约500bp的特异扩增片段。用限制性内切酶BglII对该片段进行酶切,不育系产生1条保持系中没有的特异片段,其分子量约为60bp。建立了atp6基因的CAPS标记,该分子标记可用于胡萝卜雄性不育分子标记辅助育种。     

Development ofNew InDel Marker to Detect Genotypes of Conferring Fertility Restoration of BT-Type Cytoplasmic Male Sterility inRice简

Restorer line breeding is an important approach to enhance the heterosis and improve the yields of japonica hybrid rice. To improve the selection efficiency of restorer lines for BT-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in japonica rice, a functional marker InDel-Rf-1a based on the difference of nucleotide sequence in Rf-1a locus between BT-type CMS lines and restorer lines was developed to detect the genotypes of different rice materials. Conventional indica rice varieties, restorer and maintainer lines without 574 bp deletion could restore the fertility for BT-type CMS in japonica rice. By contrast, most conventional japonica rice varieties except Aichi 106 and Yijing 12, with genotype of rf-1arf-1a showed the 574 bp deletion maintained sterility for BT-type CMS lines. To further verify the effect of genotyping detection in Rf-1a locus, this marker was also used to amplify the genomic DNA in different japonica rice restorer lines, CMS lines, hybrids and F₂ segregation population, and three genotypes in Rf-1a locus could be distinguished distinctly. Therefore, the marker InDel-Rf-1a could be widely used for genetic identification and marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding japonica restorer lines.     

水稻籼型不育系选育研究进展

回顾了水稻籼型不育系选育的历史,分别从新质源发掘及利用、不育系选育方法的创新以及"广亲和"理论的应用3个方面阐述了水稻籼型不育系的研究现状,并指出籼型不育系选育存在综合性状水平低、光温敏核不育系配合力低、两系法制种不安全等问题。最后从3个方面,即提高籼型不育系的综合性状,选育高配合力的两系不育系以及解决两系不育系安全制种技术问题,并展望了籼型不育系的育种前景。     

甘蓝细胞质雄性不育材料分子鉴定及花器官形态对核背景的响应

对从国内外引进的15份甘蓝细胞质不育材料进行分子鉴定,并通过多代连续回交转育,研究转育后代花器官形态对核背景的响应。结果发现,15份不育材料中有14份为萝卜胞质不育（Ogu CMS）,仅1份为甘蓝型油菜胞质不育（Nap CMS）。细胞质不育材料花器官对核背景的响应,Nap型主要表现3种类型,第1类与原材料相近或呈负响应,第2类表现为正响应,第3类花器官不同部位响应不一,呈现正或负响应;Ogu型主要表现为不变化或较弱的正响应。不同来源胞质材料的花器形态对同一核背景的响应,因自交系不同而异,对于自交系K1、N4,不同来源胞质材料对其响应趋于一致,对自交系37、F1、G7的响应,在不同来源胞质材料间存在差异。     

甘蓝胞质雄性不育系育性相关线粒体DNA片断的克隆及序列分析

以甘蓝结球期叶球内叶为试材,利用PCR方法在甘蓝新型胞质雄性不育材料CMS451的线粒体基因组中扩增出与细胞质雄性不育相关的片断,并克隆测序.结果表明:该片断和NCBI发布的Ogura胞质不育系特异片段高度同源,说明CMS451的不育机理与Ogu-CMS相似,也反映了CMS基因的相对保守性.