利用洋葱根尖微核技术对洗涤剂诱变效应的研究

根据微核技术原理,用6种不同浓度梯度的3种洗涤剂处理洋葱根尖细胞,对其遗传毒理学效应进行研究.结果表明:3种洗涤剂对洋葱根尖细胞都有不同程度的遗传损伤,其中分裂间期主要表现为微核、双核、核出芽以及核破裂;分裂期主要表现为染色体断片、粘连、滞后以及桥等遗传损伤效应.统计数据显示:用不同洗涤剂处理过的洋葱根尖细胞中,间期微核数、分裂期染色体桥、断片的细胞数以及有丝分裂指数均明显高于对照组,存在显著性差异.说明洗涤剂在一定程度上具有遗传毒性,其中洗衣粉的毒性最大,肥皂次之,香皂最弱.PI值显示洗涤剂在高浓度时均对水环境造成一定程度的污染.同时证明洋葱敏感度高,可以作为微核技术新的供试材料.     

Embryo Sexing—A Broad Survey*

Embryo sexing has been performed in both man and domestic species. Three approaches are described: H-Y antigen, cytogenetic analysis and measurement of X-linked enzyme activity. None of these requires the use of Y chromosome-specific sequences. Sexing of semen by flow cytometry is discussed, this technique could eventually render embryo sexing obsolete.     

大麦平衡三级三体的细胞遗传研究

本文以大麦平衡三级三体1-7c ac2 为材料,对其根尖细胞染色体进行测定,得出该材料中的额外染色体为中间着丝点染色体,其臂比为1.00.相对长度为第1染色体的1.09,外观形态可明显区别于其它染色体。在花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中观察发现:1.额外染色体和与之有部分同源关系的2对正常染色体之间的联会形式有7种,其中以6Ⅱ+1Ⅲ的联会形式最普遍,高达61.0％。这与该染色体相对长度较长有关。 2.后期Ⅰ染色体的分离以7:8的分离比例为主,占86.3％。虽然观察到各种落后染色体和染色体桥、断片等异常现象,但正常分离的细胞仍占多数,因而三体植株育性较好,适用于生产杂交种。     

Applications of Genie Male Sterility in Plant Breeding

The possible applications of genie male sterility (GMS) in plant breeding arc reviewed and discussed. The basic contribution of GMS is that it provides a means of genetic emasculation which can be applied for the massive production of hybrids. There are two main fields of application: (1) the production of hybrid varieties and (2) inter- and intraspecific hybridization and back-crossing programmes for the introduction of genetic variation into crop varieties. Several schemes have been proposed for using GMS in hybrid breeding in different crops. These are discussed under four headings: genetic methods, cy-togenetic methods, temporary restoration of fertility and manual pollination. The application of GMS in hybridization intended for the introduction of alien genes is discussed as well as factors affecting the pollination of genie male steriles.     

‘龙麦35’与寒地多年生麦草杂交后代的分子细胞遗传分析

本研究利用黑龙江省哈尔滨地区冬季寒冷的气候特点以及形态学和分子细胞遗传学研究手段,对‘龙麦35’与6份寒地多年生麦草杂交后代F1进行选育和分析。结果表明,寒地多年生麦草同中间偃麦草染色体组构成一致,具有出色的抗寒性;寒地多年生麦草1-1-4和7-31花期同‘龙麦35’同步,杂交结实率明显高于其他组合。杂种F1为两亲中间型,植株成活率低,减数分裂时期寒地多年生麦草的染色体可同‘龙麦35’染色体发生配对,但染色体组配对不完全,单价体数量多于二价体,导致植株不育。F₁植株虽不具有抗寒性,但具有割后再生性。8个F₁株系,仅株系F₁18731结实,GISH检测结果表明,F₂18731染色体组带有27条‘龙麦35’染色体,14条麦草染色体和1条小麦-麦草易位染色体,染色体数为42条。本研究可为寒地多年生麦草染色体组的研究和利用提供理论基础。