Effect of fructo‐oligosaccharides on nutrient digestibility and digesta retention time in adult guinea pigs

A previous study suggested that addition of fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS) to the diet improved nitrogen (N) utilization and decreased acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility in guinea pigs. The present study was conducted to clarify the relationship between ADF digestibility and gastrointestinal mean retention time (MRT) in guinea pigs under FOS supplementation. Adult male guinea pigs were fed a commercial diet (50 g/day) with either 5% glucose (glucose group) or 5% FOS (FOS group) for 12 days in individual metabolism cages. Unlike the glucose group, N utilization improved, but ADF digestibility significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the FOS group. MRT of solid digesta also significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the FOS group compared with that in the glucose group. We concluded that reduction of MRT of solid digesta containing FOS decreased ADF digestibility in guinea pigs.     

高非蛋白氮利用能力酵母菌的筛选与诱变

蛋白质饲料资源短缺一直是制约着中国饲料工业健康平稳发展的瓶颈问题之一。单细胞蛋白（single cell protein,SCP）在解决世界粮食与蛋白饲料短缺问题存在较大潜质。经多年研究,单细胞蛋白在菌种选育、生产工艺、发酵原料等方面均取得了较大进展,但单细胞蛋白饲料成本仍居高不下,在饲料工业中一直未得到大量应用。提高生产单细胞蛋白生产菌株非蛋白氮（non-protein nitrogen,简称NPN）利用效率和生长速度,是降低单细胞蛋白生产成本的关键。本试验从多株酵母菌中筛选出NPN利用能力较强的菌株,并对其进行紫外照射诱变,以期获得菌体蛋白产量高的突变菌株。通过对14株酵母菌对不同碳、氮源利用的研究,确定其最适碳、氮源,并依据14株酵母的生长潜力、菌体蛋白产量、NPN利用能力等进行排名,筛选出综合性能较优的酿酒酵母菌M（Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YI59）和N2（Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate AA2）。将酵母菌M和N2作为出发菌,进行紫外照射诱变。以葡萄糖、硫酸铵为碳、氮源,依平板菌落大小与液体发酵菌体蛋白产量进行初筛和复筛,最终获得菌落较大的3株突变菌MU23、MU3和MU5。经液体发酵复筛发现,MU3和MU5菌体蛋白含量较原出发菌M有显著提高,分别提高12.93%和11.82%（P<0.05）,但菌体蛋白产量与出发菌相比无显著差异（P>0.05）;菌株MU23菌体蛋白含量与出发菌M无显著差异（P>0.05）,但菌体蛋白产量较原出发菌M有较大幅度提升,为0.26 g/L,提高13.04%（P>0.05）。综合上述试验结果,使用紫外照射诱变可以达到提高酵母菌NPN利用能力和菌体蛋白产量的目的。     

矮化苹果负载量对氮素吸收、分配及利用的影响

以5年生‘烟富3’/M26/平邑甜茶为试材,采用~(15)N同位素示踪技术,研究不同负载量对氮素吸收、分配及利用的影响。结果表明:与高负载量[对照,单株留果量(120±8)个]相比,中负载量(2/3负载量)和低负载量(1/3负载量)植株的叶面积、叶绿素含量、叶片总氮量和单果质量显著增加,平均单果质量分别增加了19.02%和37.38%,但其平均单株产量却显著降低。3个处理各器官的Ndff值表现一致,果实的Ndff值最大,其次是一年生枝、叶片和根;随着负载量的增加,果实的Ndff值增大,一年生枝、叶片及根的Ndff值减小。高负载量、2/3负载量和1/3负载量单株总氮量和~(15)N利用率分别为65.85 g和19.59%、70.96 g和22.01%、92.67 g和26.13%;高负载量、2/3负载量和1/3负载量果实15N分配率分别为35.32%、18.18%和8.40%,一年生枝、叶片和根的~(15)N分配率则随着负载量的增加而减小。疏果(2/3负载量和1/3负载量)虽然降低单株产量但显著改善果实品质,显著提高氮肥利用率,综合效益,以2/3负载量,即单株留果量为(80±7)个最好。     

松嫩草地不同植物功能群土壤细菌的碳源利用

基于Biolog-Eco技术,研究了长期受放牧干扰的松嫩草地羊草(Leymus chinensis)、禾草、豆科植物和杂类草4类植物功能群土壤细菌碳源利用规律。结果表明,4类植物功能群土壤细菌碳源利用情况各不相同。其中,杂类草功能群土壤细菌代谢活性最高,其次是禾草功能群、羊草功能群,豆科植物功能群最低。4类植物功能群土壤细菌均对糖类和氨基酸这两类碳源利用较好,对酚酸和胺类这两类碳源利用情况较差。杂类草的Shannon-Wiener指数,Pielou均匀度指数以及Gini多样性指数最高,而豆科的最低。冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤中全氮和有机质对杂类草及豆科植物功能群土壤细菌碳源利用情况影响较大,电导率、pH以及含水量则对羊草和禾草功能群土壤细菌碳源利用情况影响较大。     

西吉县黄家二岔小流域地表径流和土壤渗透性能的研究

运用人工模拟降雨和径流小区试验方法,研究了宁夏西吉县黄家二岔小流域的土壤渗透性能。结果表明,影响土壤渗透性能的主要因子是土地利用方式、地面坡度、土壤含水率、土壤总孔隙度和雨强。据此,提出了充分利用干旱地区有限降水资源的建议。     

A review of tree fodder production and utilization within smallholder agroforestry systems in Kenya

Although the biological advantages in terms of animal production and improved soil fertility of the use of herbaceous legumes have been well demonstrated in Kenya and elsewhere, adoption by small-scale farmers has often been disappointing. This has led to increased research into the use of both indigenous and exotic fodder trees. In common with conventional pasture legumes, tree fodders contain high levels of crude protein and minerals and many show high levels of digestibility. They are readily accepted by livestock and presumably because of their deep-root systems, they continue to produce well into the dry season. Antinutritive factors can be a problem, however, and polyphenolics, toxic amino acids, cyanogenic glycosides and alkaloids are found in many tree species. There are abundant niches on small farms where fodder trees can be grown without affecting crop production. Although detailed management recommendations are lacking, guidelines exist with regard to appropriate cutting heights and harvesting frequencies. In the Embu region, it has been estimated that three kg of fresh fodder of Calliandra calothyrsus has the same effect on milk production as one kg of commercial dairy meal. Up to about 500 trees (250 m of hedgerow) will produce enough fodder to supplement one dairy cow for a complete lactation. The tree fodder can either replace the concentrate without loss of yield, or it can complement it to produce more milk. It is being enthusiastically adopted by small-scale farmers, many of whom are starting to produce their own seed. Other tree species are now being studied in order to avoid over-reliance on a single fodder species. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

云南民族地区食用松毛虫的调查

在云南省民族地区经过深入广泛的调查,发现了一个鲜为人知的事实,即云南民间少数民族,如哈尼,傣,拉祜,佤族等具有悠久的食用松毛虫的历史。思茅地区共１０个县,至少８个县有人食用。其它地区有临沧,景洪,玉溪等。据调查研究,这一传统与历史上的饥荒有关。     

伊春林区门式起重机载荷利用率的调查与分析

林用门式起重机的设计,其工作类型可根据资源、林相、到材方式和产量等因素确定。而现有正在使用的林用门式起重机的实际使用情况.会给设计者提供某些参考数据。本文对伊春林区所用的门式起重机进行了调查统计分析,得出了该林区每台门式起重机的载荷利用率、平均载荷利用率,希望能对确定合理的林用门式起重机工作类型,提供参考数据。     

城市木材工业走在可持续发展道路中

城市木材工业是城市林业的组成部分。在发展城市林业的木材工业生产时,要遵守森林资源的综合利用与环境保护相协调,要特森林资源节约放在首位。因此,在发展城市木材工业生产过程中,推行减量化、回收利用、再循环、重组合、代用品、重现性、重整修、再生产等一系列措施,使城市木材工业稳步地可持续发展。     

中国玉米主要种质杂种优势群的划分及其改良利用

根据配合力,杂种优势,系谱关系,生理和遗传特点及形态特征等,结合育种实践,将我国玉米种质分改良Ｒｅｉｄ,Ｌａｎｃａｓｔｅｒ（Ｍｏ１７和自３３０两个亚群）四平头,旅大红骨和其它（外杂选,综合品种选Ｓｕｗａｎ和低纬度种质４个亚群）５个杂种优势群９个亚群,提出了若干改良利用意见,并对种质基础狭窄,杂优群划分与利用,种质改良等问题进行了讨论。