Crookedness of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) growing under a canopy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Natural regeneration of pedunculate oak growing under a canopy of Scots may be used for conversion into a mixed or predominantly broadleaved forest. From an economic perspective it is desirable that the oaks have straight stems. In this paper we present a case study for analysing oak stem curvature and its causes. The study was conducted in a mature pine stand with understorey oaks of age ca. 60 years in Poland. The oaks were classified into two main groups as either straight or crooked. The following variables were measured or assessed for the oaks: (1) stem curvature (crookedness), total tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and some tree crown characteristics, (2) the growth of DBH and height in each year of the life of each tree and (3) the competitive pressure of surrounding trees. Durable stem curvatures were formed at the culmination of the height increment. The first 20 years of the life of the oak were crucial in terms of stem quality. The annual height increment was larger in the years when the curvature was formed than in adjacent years. The factors that caused crooked stems were the same for straight and crooked oaks, but the magnitude of the response was different. When planning the conversion of Scots pine into oak, full overhead light should be provided as early as possible, but not later than 20 years since the establishment of the regeneration.     

农村电网优化电压制式及经济供电半径的研究

随着中国农村电气化的发展,农网的用电负荷和用电量与日俱增,现行的电压制式已不能满足需求,如何选取更好的电压等级制式方案成为迫切需要解决的问题。该文在对电网结构模型进行合理设计的基础上,通过对电网经济参数、费用的计算,建立以单位供电面积年费用最小为目标函数,以电网各电压等级供电半径为优化变量的有约束非线性规划模型。应用该模型优化所得的目标值对不同电压等级制式方案进行经济比较,研究结果表明未来中国农网电压制式应简化电压等级,中压配电电压应发展到20 kV及35 kV,农网供电半径应根据经济供电半径的参考取值进     

Relationship between curvature ductility of column and structural displacement ductility for concrete frame structures

Based on the domestic experimental data of multi-storey concrete frame structures, the relationship between curvature ductility of concrete frame column and structural displacement ductility is proposed. 32 sets experimental data of system displacement ductility and the corresponding storey displacement ductility, which are mainly obtained from beam hinge yield mechanism and failure mechanism, are collected, and statistical property of system placement ductility is analyzed. Curvature ductility of concrete frame column is derived from storey displacement ductility factor by the classical analytic solution, and relationship between curvature ductility of frame column and structural displacement ductility is established. Correlation coefficient (R) for fitting power exponent function model and sample test data is 0.775. Results of nonlinear numerical analysis examples show that statistical function model is able to direct the ductility control design of concrete frame column.     

Longitudinal bone transport for treatment of primary bone tumors in dogs: technique description and outcome in 9 dogs

OBJECTIVE: To describe a surgical technique for bone transport osteogenesis (BTO) limb salvage and report outcome in 9 dogs with primary bone tumors. ANIMALS: Nine dogs with spontaneously occurring primary bone tumors. RESULTS: BTO surgery was performed as a primary means of limb salvage in 7 dogs and as a salvage procedure after catastrophic allograft infection and failure in 2 dogs. Mean defect size was 9.5 cm with a mean of 123 days distraction until docking. Mean time from surgery to fixator removal was 205 days. Minimum follow-up was 9 months. There were 2 histologically confirmed local recurrences where although limb function was excellent, eventually resulted in limb amputation. Limb function was good to excellent in all but 2 dogs; 1 was chronically non-weight bearing before BTO surgery because of complications associated with an allograft limb salvage that had been performed previously on the same limb. The cause of lameness in the other dog was undetermined. CONCLUSIONS: BTO limb salvage can be successful in dogs with primary bone tumors. Whereas allograft limb salvage may be simpler from an initial management perspective, BTO has some unique advantages when compared with the allograft technique. CLINICAL RELEVANCE:BTO has an emerging role in limb salvage surgery for dogs with primary bone tumors. BTO provides excellent long-term outcomes in some dogs with primary bone tumors and will likely become increasingly more attractive as technique modifications allow the duration of the treatment to be shortened.     

Prognostic factors in treating antebrachial growth deformities with a lengthening procedure using a circular external skeletal fixation system in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate treatment of antebrachial growth deformities (AGD) with a lengthening procedure using a circular external skeletal fixation (CESF) system and to determine prognostic factors. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Thirty-four dogs with unilateral AGD. METHODS: Length deficits, angular and rotational deformities, elbow incongruity (EI), osteoarthritis (OA) of the elbow and carpal joint, function, and cosmesis were determined before and after a CESF lengthening procedure. RESULTS: On admission, EI (21 dogs; 62%), OA of the elbow joint (17 dogs; 50%), carpal OA (12 dogs; 35%), and concomitant elbow and carpal OA (5 dogs; 7%) were common findings. Treatment significantly improved function (normal, 20 dogs; 60%) and cosmesis (normal, 22 dogs; 65%). Angular and rotational deformities were almost completely corrected with small remaining length deficits. Elbow and carpal OA increased significantly during the follow-up period. Significant correlations were demonstrated between initial elbow OA and final function (R=0.42, P=.02), initial function and final function (R=0.41, P=.02), and initial ulnar and radial deficit and final cosmesis (R=0.58, P=.0001 and R=0.45, P=.008). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of AGD by a CESF lengthening procedure was successful despite small remaining length deficits. Initial elbow OA, function, and ulnar and radial length deficits are prognostic factors in the treatment of AGD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Initial elbow OA and initial function are prognostic factors in predicting the functional outcome of treatment of AGD with a CESF lengthening procedure in the dog.     

对城市出入口一级公路路线设计的几点体会

作者通过对绥化地区城市出入口一级公路的测设实践．简要介绍其经验和体会。     

自由曲面的高斯曲率计算方法

针对用定义方法计算各种不同类型表达方式曲面的高斯曲率中存在的问题 ,提出了一种利用局部插值计算曲面点的高斯曲率的方法 ,该方法具有明确的几何意义 ,适用于各种不同表达方式的自由曲面。     

激光预打孔接装纸透气度与孔面积数学模型的建立

研究建立卷烟激光预打孔接装纸透气度和打孔孔径关系。设置不同打孔排数、孔数的激光预打孔接装纸,分别测试其透气度和孔面积,分析透气度和孔面积的关联性,建立数学模型。结果表明,激光预打孔接装纸透气度和孔面积高度相关,单位长度孔面积(S,μm2/cm)和透气度(A,cm3/min,150A≤800)的较优回归方程为S=547.3A+37 813.6(r=0.985,P0.000 1),利用所建数学模型计算打孔孔径,与实测值的偏差均小于1%。     

履带车辆小半径差速转向时滑转的载荷比研究

为分析履带车辆差速转向机构的转向性能,在考虑滑转的履带车辆实际转向情况的基础上,对履带车辆小半径差速转向时其载荷比和转向半径的关系进行理论分析,并获得两者间关系。通过样机试验和数据计算获得小半径差速转向且考虑滑转时的载荷比和转向半径数值,并绘制考虑滑转时载荷比与转向半径的实际关系曲线,发现在考虑滑转条件下实际转向时消耗的功率小于理论转向时消耗功率,且小半径差速转向时内侧履带滑转率大于外侧履带滑转率,同时发现根据土壤剪切作用也可以计算出考虑滑转的载荷比,虽然该方法计算的载荷比在数值上与实测载荷比有一定误差,但因其无需进行扭矩测试,可作为载荷比的定性分析方法,研究可为采用液压机械双功率流的差速转向机构履带车辆的研究提供参考。