The impact of road geometry,surface roughness and truck weight on operating speed of logging trucks

Improved transport planning and pricing is dependent on correct cycle times. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of road curvature, surface roughness, gradient and truck weight on the operating speed of a conventional 60-tonne gross vehicle weight logging truck. The study used a 320-km test track consisting of both public and forest roads. The track was driven with various gross vehicle weights. Speed data was retrieved from the truck’s CAN-bus system and road data was measured with a profilograph. The key factors for operating speed were curvature and surface roughness, both of which were correlated to each other as well as partially captured by functional road class. Regression analysis quantified the individual effects of these factors as well as gradient, undulation and interactions with truck weight. A regression model is presented which explained 80% of the variation in operating speed. The results were consistent with previous studies, and the proposed models can be used to improve transport planning, cost estimation, operative route path selection and road investments.     

Estimation, variation and importance of leaf curvature in Zea mays hybrids

Maize leaves are curved but this curvature cannot be described by a single system of equations based on conic sections. We made comparisons of curvature between hybrids, leaf positions and planting density using measures of maximum leaf height and leaf tip:maximum leaf height ratio. With these measures a modern hybrid released in 1991 (Pioneer 3394) shows less curvature compared with hybrids released in 1963 (Pioneer 3306) and 1936 (Pioneer 307). The greater uprightness of 3394's leaves was apparent for all leaves measured. Curvature is a plastic character. While all hybrids developed less curvature in higher density plantings the effect was greatest for 3394. 3394 had shorter, more lanceolate leaves with smaller leaf area, a lower estimated torque around the point of leaf attachment to the stem, and a significantly smaller auricle base and smaller angle between the leaf blade and auricle base. These results support suggestions that the pattern of curvature may be produced by the progression of irreversible bending during leaf development. We found no consistent relationships between differences in curvature and measurements of leaf midrib morphology or anatomy.A frequently used approach in modeling foliage area distribution by angle is to use an approximation provided by the angular distribution of an ellipsoid. We show that for leaves in this study this approach is biased and that a Richards function describes the cumulative frequency distribution of leaf area by inclination angle more effectively. The importance of an unbiased estimator is discussed in relation to the variation in photon flux density received by surfaces of different inclinations.     

数控车削系统刀尖半径补偿模型

分析了数控车削系统刀尖半径补偿模型存在的缺陷,提出应综合考虑刀尖实际形状及其大小、刀尖磨损、刀具与工件接触等,用一个一般化的刀尖模型替代目前理想化的圆弧模型。在新的模型中,用刀尖补偿需求半径来表达切削过程中应给予数控系统的半径补偿值,实现精确补偿。由于包括了刀尖磨损、刀尖与工件的接触位置情况,其数值不能通过直接测量获取,故采用了一种借助于数控机床运行特点的测量方法,在测量结果中包含了各种误差源的补偿量。该模型和相应测量法的使用,有效提高了锥面、曲面的精加工精度和加工效率。     

基于DEM的2种提取地形特征线算法对比研究

以云南省昭通市昭阳区1∶5万的DEM规则数据作为数据源,分别利用平面曲率与坡形组合提取法(基于平面曲率、坡向变率)、地形地表几何形态分析和流水物理模拟结合分析法提取其地形特征线(山脊线、山谷线),并根据提取效果选取研究区的西北区作为效果比对样区.对3个提取效果进行对比后发现:①分级阈值的合理判定是正确提取地形特征线的关键;②基于地形地表几何形态分析和流水物理模拟结合分析法提取的地形特征线效果最佳,而基于平面曲率、坡向变率提取的地形特征线效果各有优缺.     

两段变曲率叶型离心泵设计研究

基于Fluent泵内部全流场数值模拟及性能预测,对IS65—40—200型泵进行了两段变曲率叶型改型尝试．分析了加短叶片前后两段变曲率叶型离心泵性能的变化规律,发现加短叶片后泵的扬程明显提高且效率基本相同．对比了具有不同改型比例的两段变曲率叶型离心泵的性能,分析改型比例对泵性能的影响,确定了改型比例范围．分析了改型前后泵性能的变化规律,总结了两段变曲率叶型离心泵改型方法．提出了两段变曲率叶型离心泵的设计方法：先设计一台基础离心泵,且基础泵最高效率点的流量在小流量区域,再在此基础上改型设计．通过样机试验,验证了此设计方法的可行性．研究表明：两段变曲率叶型离心泵比同设计参数的普通离心泵尺寸小,轴向力低     

舍饲新疆褐牛犊牛体重与体尺指标的相关及回归分析

犊估测值与实测值之间的相关程度分别为0.975和0.973,对于母犊估测值与实测值之间的相关程度均为0.977,均达到极显著水平(P<0.01).     

动态水压坡地喷灌水量分布特性与均匀度研究

针对坡地喷灌水量分布不均匀、灌溉质量较低的问题,将动态水压供水技术引入坡地喷灌,以雨鸟LF1200型喷头为研究对象,分析了动态水压喷灌对喷头流量、射程、喷洒湿润面积、单喷头水量分布和组合喷头水量分布及均匀度的影响。结果表明:对于单喷头而言,采用动态水压喷灌的上下坡射程差在2.3 m左右,动压参数中动压振幅对射程影响较显著,动压喷灌时,振幅建议采用喷头正常工作压力范围内的较大值;单喷头水量分布均匀度在56%左右,动态水压参数对单喷头水量分布和喷灌均匀度影响不显著。在组合喷头的情况下,采用正三角形和矩形布置的均匀度高于正方形布置,其中采用矩形布置喷灌质量最佳。综合考虑工程投资、水量分布以及均匀度,动态水压喷灌时,当喷头采用三角形布置方式时,建议喷头间距为1.0～1.2R(R是喷头平地射程),当喷头采用矩形布置方式时,坡向间距宜采用0.6～0.8R,垂直坡向间距宜采用1.0～1.2R。     

Single and competitive adsorption isotherms of some heavy metals onto a light textured calcareous soil amended with agricultural wastes-biochars

This study investigated the adsorption behavior of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cu, and Ni) under single and multi-metal conditions by a light textured calcareous soil amended with plant residue biochars (corn straw, wheat straw, rice husk and licorice root pulp each at 3% w/w). The Freundlich isotherm best described the heavy metal adsorption suggesting multilayer adsorption. For all treatments under both adsorption conditions, the heavy metal adsorption capacity followed the order of Pb > Cu > Ni, which was associated with the hydrolysis constant, ionic radius, and electronegativity of these metals. Simultaneous presence of multiple metals decreased the adsorption capacity for each metal and the sequence was in the order of Ni > Pb > Cu. The corn straw biochar (CSB) had the highest adsorption capacity (Freundlich K_f (mg g^?1) for Ni = 0.23, Cu = 1.41 and Pb = 2.73) and medium distribution coefficient (K_{d medium}(L kg^?1) for Ni = 59.30, Cu = 1961.00 and Pb = 2602.00), indicating the CSB is the best treatment for stabilization of heavy metals in the soil. This was associated with the chemical characteristics of the CSB (high amounts of CaCO₃ and P) and the greatest increase in soil pH value.     

基于NDVI—ST双抛物线特征空间的冬小麦旱情遥感监测

以河南省冬小麦旱情遥感监测为例,利用MODIS/AQUA卫星产品的归一化植被指数（NDVI）、增强型植被指数(EVI)、叶面积指数(LAI)和地表温度(ST)数据,分析了NDVI—ST和EVI—ST的特征空间,发现NDVI—ST和EVI—ST的特征空间具有双抛物线型特征。将其与三角形NDVI—ST、EVI—ST及LAI—ST特征空间进行对比分析,并将得到的温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）数据与土壤湿度进行相关性分析,揭示双抛物线型NDVI—ST特征空间能更好地反映地表10cm土壤水分状况。以双抛物线型NDVI—ST特征空间得到的TVDI作为旱情遥感监测指标,评估了2011—02—26~2011—05—16河南省冬小麦旱情,并与当地气象站降雨数据对比,揭示了2011年春天河南省旱情发展的总体时空特点。     

前桥摆转式四轮底盘转向系统的转向机理研究

四轮底盘在小地块水田作业时,减少地头空行转弯时间是提高作业时间利用率的重要环节。为实现四轮底盘小半径转弯,以提高水田播插底盘作业率为主要研究目标,对四轮底盘在90°、180°等不同转弯形式下进行分析,得出适合小地块水稻播插作业时以较小转弯半径的转弯方式;前桥摆转四轮底盘在转向时,通过控制前桥驱动轮的转动,使前驱动桥主动围绕着转向装置转动,可以带动底盘以任意角度转向。采用ADAMS软件对四轮底盘后轮轨迹进行模拟,在确保后轮完全不吃入已完成作业区的倒U转弯方式的情况下,提出设计前桥摆转式四轮底盘转向系统的可行性。