重庆丘陵山区参考作物蒸散量的确定及气候影响因素分析

基于重庆市北碚区2001—2011年气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith公式计算ET0,分析了3种不同太阳辐射(Rs)计算方法所得ET0的差异性,并利用相关性和敏感性分析方法分析气象因子对ET0的影响。结果表明,研究区2001—2011年年内各月ET0呈抛物线变化,年内ET0最大值出现在7月和8月,最小值出现在1月和12月;不同Rs计算方法是引起ET0和辐射项(ET0(rad))差异的主要原因,但差异不显著;研究区ET0主要由空气动力学项(ET0(aero))贡献;最高温度、最高相对湿度和最低相对湿度是研究区ET0的3个最主要的影响因子;采用Pen-man-Monteith公式计算研究区ET0时,建议采用Hargreaves公式计算Rs。     

水分胁迫对冬小麦冠层辐射截获率和利用效率的影响

冬小麦地上部生物量和最终产量都取决于冠层截获光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically active radiation,PAR)的能力以及辐射利用效率(Radiation use efficiency,RUE)的大小。目前主要的作物生长模型都是利用作物冠层PAR截获率与RUE的关系来模拟作物的干物质积累和产量形成过程。为了探讨不同生育期受旱对冬小麦冠层PAR截获率和RUE的影响,本研究开展了2个生长季(2015—2016年和2016—2017年)的冬小麦田间试验。试验设置返青+拔节受旱(Early stress,ES),抽穗+灌浆受旱(Later stress,LS)以及全生育期不灌水(Whole stress,WS)3个不同处理,另外设置充分灌水处理作为对照(CK),灌水定额为80 mm。冠层接收到的太阳辐射通过每个小区中心处安装的PAR传感器全天候、不间断测得。结果表明土壤相对含水率能够有效反映冬小麦在不同受旱处理下的缺水状态。在受旱条件下,ES、LS和WS处理的最大叶面积指数分别比CK处理低31%、15%和58%。受叶面积指数影响,CK、ES、LS和WS处理的最大冠层PAR截获率分别为90%、88%、79%和42%,WS处理显著低于其他3个处理,同时,各处理叶面积指数和冠层PAR截获率的差异导致不同的冠层消光系数,其中ES处理的消光系数低于LS处理。CK、ES、LS和WS处理2年的平均地上部生物量分别为1 532、1 410、1 403、537 g/m~2。冬小麦的作物生长速率(Crop growth rate,CGR)呈现出和地上部生物量相似的规律,二者之间具有良好的相关性(R~2=0.99)。冠层辐射截获率和地上部生物量决定了冬小麦的RUE,本研究中CK处理的RUE为3.55 g/MJ,ES和LS处理的RUE要比CK处理低22%和5%,而WS处理仅比CK处理低22%。冬小麦的RUE在整个生育期呈先增大后减小的趋势,在开花期达到峰值。营养阶段受旱引起的冬小麦RUE降低幅度更大,全生育期受旱下冬小麦RUE呈现不同的干旱响应机制,有待于进一步研究。本研究认为将消光系数和RUE作为生育期或者积温的函数来对待而非单一常数,可以帮助改善作物模型中干物质的估算精度,降低模拟结果的不确定性。     

一种新型保水剂的制备及对肥料吸附性能研究

以膨润土和丙烯酸为原料,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,在微波辐射下制备了一种新型保水剂,其吸蒸馏水倍率为890g/g,吸0.9%NaCl溶液倍率为95g/g,并用红外光谱、电镜扫描对产物进行了表征。同时,研究了几种肥料对该保水剂吸水倍率的影响及其对肥料的吸附规律。结果表明,在一定范围内,保水剂的吸水倍率随着肥料体积质量的增加而降低,保水剂对肥料的吸附量随体积质量的增大而增加。     

热辐射下汽车温度分布及隔热分析

为研究热辐射下汽车内部温度场分布及不同隔热措施下汽车温度上升状况,在COMSOL中运用表面辐射传热模块对汽车温度场进行仿真.首先在SolidWorks中建立普通小型汽车的三维模型,然后导入COMSOL并定义汽车不同部位材料属性,最后通过加载外部热辐射、表面漫反射等参数仿真了暴露在阳光下和停靠在阴影下两种状况汽车温度上升...     

基于模糊PID控制的六安瓜片远红外烘焙机设计

根据六安瓜片烘焙工艺的要求,设计了用于拉火工序的远红外烘焙机。茶叶采用不锈钢输送带输送,整机采用3层结构,每层输送带由独立的变频电机驱动,输送带上方布置有陶瓷红外线辐射器,通过红外线温度传感器采集叶温,并研制了基于模糊控制的PID温度控制器来控制温度。试验表明:远红外烘焙机碎茶率为5%(人工烘焙碎茶率为15%),叶温为80°C,人工审评结果认为其成茶品质优于炭火烘焙。     

四川盆地浅丘陵区农林复合系统内部天空散射辐射分布特性理论分析

根据四川盆地浅丘区农林复合系统特点,从理论上分析了该系统内天空散射辐射令布特征。提出了在林带和地形(坡度变化)的双重影响下的林带间平均相对辐照成分布特征,为农林复合系统的设计提供了依据;除林带本身产生“光胁地”外,地形变化即坡度的增加,叶“光胁地”效应有增强作用,对其范围有扩大作用。     

Effect of shade on biomass accumulation and partitioning for Eucalyptus camaldulensis sprouts

ABSTRACT

Eucalyptus is widely cultivated in homogeneous monocultures throughout the world alongside plants of the same age. Furthermore, the productivity of forest stands is highly dependent on how solar radiation is intercepted and used. Meanwhile, it is possible to consider cultivating trees of different ages in the same area, and thus under different regimes of available solar radiation, creating a sequence of plantings and harvestings and to develop Eucalyptus-based agroforestry systems. We have examined biomass accumulation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis along a shade gradient. Eucalyptus trees presented power-law responses to increasing irradiance for biomass, indicating it has low plasticity and is unable to maintain growth under lower irradiance levels. Biomass partitioning showed no dependence on available irradiation. Leaf density presented very little increase toward sunnier places meaning that an increment in Eucalyptus biomass would be mostly due to its increase in size and thus higher radiation interception. Careful management of shade will be a key consideration for the integration of Eucalyptus into agroforestry. With knowledge of the growth habits of different species, we will have the potential to propose more perennial ways in which to manage land and reduce anthropogenic disturbances by avoiding clear-cuts of areas that removes all plant structures.     

辐射板强化喷管换热与红外抑制效果试验研究

试验研究了在发动机喷管中加装金属辐射板前后,喷管壁面温度、热喷流温度与喷管红外辐射特征的变化。结果表明,加装金属辐射板后,热喷流与喷管壁面之间的热量传递显著增强,热喷流中心温度降低,壁面温度明显升高,在90°方向上,热喷流3～5μm波段的红外辐射强度降低了38.5%。文中从热喷流、喷管壁面以及金属辐射板等相关部件的温度变化情况对红外辐射强度的变化原因进行了解释。      

Relationship between effective solar radiation and sap flow process during an entire growing season in Western Mountains of Beijing

In order to explore the relationship between the time processes of solar radiation and sap flow, sap flow velocity (SFV) of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis, effective solar radiation (ESR) and other environmental factors were synchronously monitored for one year in the Beijing Western Mountains by using a thermal dissipation probe (TDP) system and an automatic weather station. Results showed significant differences between changes in diurnal characteristics of ESR and sap flow in sunny days during three seasons. Starting times of sap flow occurred generally 1.5–3 hours later than those of solar radiation and there were small differences between Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. But peak times and stopping times of sap flow varied con-siderably with large contrasts in ESR. The duration of sap flow showed clear differences among the seasons owing to the variable rhythms of climate factors in Beijing. Fluctuation amplitude in the duration of sap flow remained relatively stable during the autumn but changed greatly during spring and summer. Changes in diurnal sap flow velocity of both Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabu-laeformis were about 0–3 hours later than those of ESR but with the same configuration. The start of sap flow was mainly induced by the sudden intensification of ESR (sunrise effect). Seasonal models of SFV indicated that a cubic equation had the best fit. It was more practical to simulate seasonal water consumption models of trees with ESR. In further investigations, these models should be optimized.     

Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, leaf nitrogen content and morphological characteristics of Spiraea pubescens in a warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest

Spiraea pubescens, a common shrub in the warm-temperate deciduous forest zone which is distributed in the Dongling Mountain area of Beijing, was exposed to ambient and enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–320 nm) radiation by artificially supplying a daily dose of 9.4 kJ/m² for three growing seasons, a level that simulated a 17% depletion in stratospheric ozone. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of long-term UV-B enhancement on stomatal conductance, leaf tissue δ ¹³C, leaf water content, and leaf area. Particular attention was paid to the effects of UV-B radiation on water use efficiency (WUE) and leaf total nitrogen content. Enhanced UV-B radiation significantly reduced leaf area (50.1%) but increased leaf total nitrogen content (102%). These changes were associated with a decrease in stomatal conductance (16.1%) and intercellular CO₂ concentration/ air CO₂ concentration (C _i /C _a) (4.0%), and an increase in leaf tissue δ ¹³C (20.5‰), leaf water content (3.1%), specific leaf weight (SLW) (5.2%) and WUE (4.1%). The effects of UV-B on the plant were greatly affected by the water content of the deep soil (30–40 cm). During the dry season, differences in the stomatal conductance, δ ¹³C, and WUE between the control and UV-B treated shrubs were very small; whereas, differences became much greater when soil water stress disappeared. Furthermore, the effects of UV-B became much less significant as the treatment period progressed over the three growing seasons. Correlation analysis showed that enhanced UV-B radiation decreased the strength of the correlation between soil water content and leaf water content, δ ¹³C, C _i/C _a, stomatal conductance, with the exception of WUE that had a significant correlation coefficient with soil water content. These results suggest that WUE would become more sensitive to soil water variation due to UV-B radiation. Based on this experiment, it was found that enhanced UV-B radiation had much more significant effects on morphological traits and growth of S. pubescens than hydro-physiological characteristics. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(1): 47–56 [译自: 植物生态学报]