Changes in technical efficiency of the broiler production in Poland, 1994–2013

1. The effects of changes in technical efficiency on the increase of broiler production are presented for the period 1994–2013 based on the panel data from seven farms located in southern and central Poland. A total of 766 cycles were analysed.

2. The Cobb–Douglas production function was used to assess the changes of output elasticities as well as technical changes in broiler production, for 5-year sub-periods separately.

3. Technical indices of broiler production significantly improved between years 1994–2013: feed conversion ratio decreased from 2.50 kg/kg to 1.78 kg/kg, mortality rate from 8.8% to 4.0% and daily weight gain increased from 37.1 g/d to 58.7 g/d, respectively.

4. Before accession to the EU, there was a substantial increase of fixed capital connected with modernisation of buildings and equipment. In the period 1994–2013, inputs of fixed capital per kilogram of livestock increased by 72% and at the same time the input of labour decreased by 56%.

5. Technical changes in years 1994–1998 contributed to a rapid production increase at a rate of 4.6% annually and only by up to 0.7% annually during 2009–2013. The slowdown of production rate increase after 2009 was partially caused by decreasing the stocking density.     

基于景观安全格局的农村居民点用地布局优化

农村居民点用地布局优化不仅是农村土地整治的基础,也是新农村建设和实现美丽乡村的重要路径。该文以江苏省宜兴市为例,根据其经济发达、生态环境优越以及风景名胜众多的特点以及农村居民点用地特征,运用景观安全格局理论和最小累积阻力模型相结合的方法,分别从水土保持、生物多样性保护和风景名胜保护三方面构建单一景观安全格局,进而建立宜兴市农村居民点用地布局综合景观安全格局。通过与宜兴市农村居民点用地的叠加分析,针对不同景观安全水平的农村居民点提出不同的布局优化方向,将宜兴市农村居民点用地划分为优先整治型、限制扩展型、适度建设型、重点发展型4种类型,分析各类型现状特征并提出优化方案。研究结果强调农村居民点用地布局工作中生态环境和景观保护优先的思想,不仅为当地新农村建设提供理论支撑,而且为相关规划制定提供参考。     

气象条件对日本松干蚧越冬死亡率的影响

日本松干蚧是危害松树的重要害虫,越冬期气象条件是影响种群变动的重要因子。利用判别法,选取对日本松干蚧越冬死亡率影响较大的气象因子,并分析这些因子对越冬死亡率的影响。结果表明,11月各旬平均最低气温、12月下旬平均最低气温、3月上旬平均最低气温越低,日本松干蚧越冬死亡率越高;4月上旬降水量越大,其死亡率越高。选择资料时间序列较长且与日本松干蚧越冬死亡率相关密切的气象因子,建立了日本松干蚧越冬死亡率预测模型,经检验,模型准确率72%左右,对于监测及防控日本松干蚧具有一定应用价值。     

油松、侧柏种子萌发时间预测

应用积温理论,使油松、侧柏种子在15℃、20℃和25℃条件下恒温萌发,测定其萌发率及萌发天数.结果表明,油松、侧柏种子萌发的生物学起点温度均为10℃;油松种子萌发的有效积温为90℃,侧柏为100℃;提出了油松、侧柏种子萌发需时的预测方法.     

血浆蛋白粉不同时间饲喂对肉鸡免疫功能的影响

选用1日龄AA肉鸡240只,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡.处理一为基础日粮组,处理二、三、四分别添加2.5%血浆蛋白粉(SDPP)替代基础日粮中部分蛋白饲喂7、14、21 d后,换喂相同日粮直到49 d试验结束.前期饲喂21 d后,从每个处理中选择接近平均体质量健康鸡8只腹腔注射大肠杆菌O_2攻毒.结果表明:(1)前期1～14 d连续添加SDPP生产成绩最好,显著高于处理一(P<0.05).后期和全期以1～21 d添加的生产性能略好,与1～14 d差异不显著.(2)添加SDPP提高了肉鸡Ea、Et、脾脏指数、胸腺指数和法氏囊指数,极显著(P<0.01)提高淋巴细胞转化率.(3)SDPP明显降低内鸡死亡率.结果表明,在1～14 d添加SDPP,可促进内鸡生长,增强免疫功能,前期获得最佳ADG的时间是饲喂1～14 d.该饲喂时间肉鸡抗菌能力最强.     

大蒜素治疗细菌感染所致呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床研究

目的 评估大蒜素治疗细菌感染所致呼吸机相关性肺炎危重患者的临床疗效。方法 采用前瞻性随机对照研究方法,选取2011年01月-2014年12月收入重症监护病房且符合呼吸机相关性肺炎诊断标准的92例患者（均为细菌感染所致）,按照随机数字表法将其分为治疗组42例及对照组50例。对照组在常规治疗基础上加用抗生素治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用大蒜素治疗,疗程14 d。分析两组患者的病原菌分布情况,比较两组患者机械通气时间、抗生素治疗时间、住ICU时间及14 d病死率;并观察记录大蒜素使用过程中安全性及不良反应发生率。结果 细菌感染所致呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的常见病原菌为鲍曼不动杆菌（35.2%）、金黄色葡萄球菌（17.1%）、铜绿假单胞菌（13.3%）、肺炎链球菌（13.3%）及肺炎克雷伯菌（8.6%）。治疗组机械通气时间略短于对照组（P>0.05）,抗生素使用时间及住ICU时间显著短于对照组（P<0.01）。两组患者治疗后14 d病死率无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 细菌感染所致呼吸机相关性肺炎患者在常规抗感染治疗基础上加用大蒜素治疗,能显著缩短抗生素使用时间,且有缩短患者机械通气时间及住ICU时间,临床不良反应发生率低,可以安全使用。     

高海拔孵化鸡胚死亡曲线分析

利用2阶段增长曲线模型拟合藏鸡和2种低地鸡及其杂交种蛋在2900m（西藏林芝）和3650m（西藏拉萨）海拔的孵化胚胎死亡曲线，分析海拔高度对不同鸡种胚胎死亡的影响。结果表明该模型适宜拟合鸡蛋高海拔孵化时的胚胎死亡规律，拟合度高。藏鸡是高原适应品种，在2个海拔环境中胚胎死亡率均较低。在2900m海拔孵化时，各品种胚胎第l死亡高峰出现在第2．30～4．05d，第2高峰期出现在第17．20～17．68d．品种间相差不大：但藏鸡的第1高峰期持续时间相时较长，为4．04～9．92d；低地鸡和杂种鸡为2．59～3．93d。海拔从2900m升高到3650m，胚胎死亡率增加33．48％～54．12％；同时藏鸡第2高峰期死亡比例增加7．70％～15．65％；低地鸡第2高峰持续期延长13．7l～15．44d；杂交鸡第1高峰期死亡比例增加了5．55％～7．34％，持续期延长0．15～0．66d。     

The process of decline of an endangered tree species,Pinus armandii Franch. var.amamiana (Koidz.) Hatusima, on the southern slope of Mt. Hasa-dake in Yaku-shima Island

The process of decline of an endangered tree species,Pinus armandii var.amamiana, was monitored on the southern slope of Mt. Hasa-dake in Yaku-shima Island from 1994 to 1998. There are 163 trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana over 1.3 m in height. They are distributed on steep ridges and rocks with a thin soil layer mostly consisting of friable granite. During the monitoring period, 21 trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana died and the mortality rate was 12.9%. Dead trees were categorized into three types: standing, uprooted and landslide. The uprooted- and landslide-typed dead trees were found only after a severe typhoon struck Yaku-shima Island. This suggests that the combination of fragile site conditions and severe typhoons play an important role in the process of decline ofP. armandii var.amamiana. The standing-typed dead trees were presumed to have been killed by pine wilt disease, accounting for 71.4% of the dead trees. However,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the cause of pine wilt disease, was not detected from any of the wood chips or branch samples from the standing-typed dead trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana. This might indicate that some factor(s) other than pine wilt disease could be responsible for the standing-typed death ofP. armandii var.amamiana in natural habitats. A part of this paper was presented at the 109th Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society.