绿色食品养殖鱼类用药之浅见

绿色食品的养殖鱼类分为AA级与A级，它们的用药标准有所不同。本文作者依据国内外有关资料对部分常用鱼药进行了讨论，同时也提出了一些建议性问题。其目的旨在于提醒人们在鱼类的养殖过程中不可滥用药物，从而使水产品成为真正无污染无病害、有益于人类健康的营养食品。     

果树生产技术经济效益评价的两个问题——育苗的经济效益和栽植密度与产量的关系

本文用对比分析法研究了薄膜与露地育苗的经济效益,同时通过实例确定了苹果栽培密度与产量的关系:Y=ax~2+bx+c。介绍了研究这种关系的方法,编制了两个问题研究时实施计算的BASIC程序。     

南美白对虾养殖底泥细菌多样性研究

【目的】研究南美白对虾养殖池一个养殖周期的底泥细菌多样性,为指导水产养殖提供参考。【方法】于2011年7-9月,采集上海市金山区水产养殖基地南美白对虾养殖池塘的底泥,提取底泥中细菌的总DNA,扩增细菌16SrDNA的V3可变区,采用DGGE指纹图谱技术以及基因测序技术,对该养殖周期的底泥细菌多样性进行研究。【结果】不同月份虾池底泥中存在一定数量的共有优势菌群,7月和8月的共有优势菌群分别为黄杆菌属和绿弯菌门细菌,8月和9月共有优势菌群为梭菌属细菌,7月份和9月份共有优势菌群为拟杆菌门细菌和硫酸盐还原菌;同时,7-9月底泥中还各自分布有除硫单胞菌属、蛭弧菌属、δ-变形菌门、酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门、聚球藻属等细菌。【结论】南美白对虾养殖底泥中细菌多样性丰富。     

循环流水槽养殖草鱼与池塘精养草鱼营养品质比较

为了解循环流水槽养殖草鱼与池塘精养草鱼营养品质的差异,选取相同饲料源的循环流水槽养殖草鱼[平均体重:(723.89±71.54)g,平均体长:(340.86±8.88)mm]和池塘精养草鱼[平均体重:(680.35±155.13)g,平均体长:(334.00±21.40)mm]各12尾,测定形态指标与肌肉剪切力、质构特性、色泽以及常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果显示:1)循环流水槽养殖草鱼的硬度、黏性、咀嚼性、回复性和剪切力均显著高于池塘精养草鱼(P<0.05)。2)循环流水槽养殖草鱼的肌肉水分含量显著低于池塘精养草鱼(P<0.05),肌肉粗脂肪含量低于池塘精养草鱼,但差异不显著(P>0.05),肌肉粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量均高于池塘精养草鱼,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)循环流水槽养殖草鱼的肌肉氨基酸总量(TAA)、必需氨基酸总量(TEAA)和呈味氨基酸总量(TDAA)高于池塘精养草鱼,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。循环流水槽养殖草鱼和池塘精养草鱼肌肉中TAA分别为77.11%和76.61%,TEAA和TDAA分别占TAA的40.87%和40.43%、46.10%和46.06%。4)循环流水槽养殖草鱼肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)占脂肪酸总量的百分比(69.68%)高于池塘精养草鱼(68.44%),但差异不显著(P>0.05)。循环流水槽养殖草鱼和池塘精养草鱼肌肉中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)占脂肪酸总量的百分比分别为21.78%和18.58%,两者差异显著(P<0.05)。循环流水槽养殖草鱼肌肉中未检测到二十碳五烯酸(EPA),二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量为0.44%;池塘精养草鱼肌肉中EPA含量为0.10%,DHA含量为0.55%。5)循环流水槽养殖草鱼肌肉中钾、镁、铁、铜含量显著高于池塘精养草鱼(P<0.05),钠、锌显著低于池塘精养草鱼(P<0.05)。由此得出,循环流水槽养殖草鱼的营养品质总体上优于池塘精养草鱼。     

关于中国水产养殖动物对营养物质需要量的研究

综合论述了虾蟹类、鱼类、爬行类等主要养殖动物对蛋白质与氨基酸，脂肪与脂肪酸、糖、维生素，矿物质的需要量和配合饲料中的适宜含量，旨在研制水产养殖动物配合饲料和提高养殖效益提供重要且系统的理论依据。     

马尾松离体胚组织培养初报

本文首次报道了从马尾松离体胚诱导丛生芽苗的试验结果。试验结果发现丛生芽苗的形成必需有适当浓度比例的BA和NAA,二者缺一不可。离体胚在MS+BA0.5～1.0mg/l+NAA0.2mg/l的培养基中,从子叶上分化出的丛生芽生长状况最佳。离体胚在MS+BA0.6mg+GA0.2mg的培养基中,萌芽率最高,苗的长势最佳。     

红枣组培苗优化配套移栽技术的研究

通过系统研究提出了红枣组培苗移栽的优化配套技术 :培养优质试管生根苗 ;温室自然光过渡法炼苗 ;移栽地土壤、覆盖沙和试管苗根部消毒 ;沙土分层移栽 ;扣小棚保湿 (85 %～ 95 % )保温 (18～ 35℃ ) ;移栽初期适度遮阳 ;幼苗生出 4～ 5片新叶后逐步揭小棚 ;移栽后加强病虫害防治及水肥管理。采用该配套移栽技术使组培枣苗的平均移栽成活率 3～ 10月份达 94.3% (92 .8%～ 95 .8% ,95 %置信度 ) ,6～ 7月份达 98% (96 .1%～99.9% )     

福建官井洋大黄鱼AFLP指纹多态性的研究

对福建官井洋大黄鱼(Pseudosciaenacrocea)野生种群和2个养殖群体进行5对选择性引物(共37个标本)的AFLP分析。结果表明,共检出503个不同的扩增片段(50～450bp),每对引物扩增出的片段数目为76～155个;在5对引物检出的扩增片段中,101个(20.1%)为全部37个受试个体共有,312个(62.0%)为部分野生与养殖个体共有,53个(10.5%)仅见于野生个体,37个(7.4%)仅见于养殖个体,养殖群体中出现野生种群所没有的扩增片段;野生种群、养殖1、养殖2多态片段比例分别为76.6%、70.6%、69.2%,遗传差异度分别为0.2464、0.2322、0.2299,养殖群体多态片段比例与个体间的遗传差异度均低于野生种群。养殖群体的遗传多样性水平较低,遗传变异相对贫乏。     

Comparison of fatty acid contents of wild and cultured rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Onchorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis> in Turkey

Abstract:   The total lipid content and fatty acid composition were determined in the flesh and skin of wild and cultured rainbow trout in Turkey. The effect of diet content was also investigated on cultured trout. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for fatty acid analyses. Total lipid content of skin was higher than flesh in both types and when compared appreciably higher in cultured fish. The predominant fatty acid was palmitic acid (C16:0) in saturated fatty acids and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) in monounsaturated fatty acids. The amount of eicosapentaenoic acid was double in wild and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 1.5 times higher in cultured fish flesh. The n-3/n-6 ratio was higher in cultured fish than wild fish. The levels of palmitic, oleic, linoleic (C18:2n-6) and palmitoleic (C16:1n-7) acids were high in skin. The level of EPA was the same in skin of wild fish but 5.5 times higher in cultured fish, whereas the proportion of DHA in skin was lower for wild and 3.5 times higher in cultured fish. Wild fish had a high level of linoleic, arachidonic (C20:4n-6) and linolenic (C18:3n-3) acids. The total amount of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids was higher in flesh of wild fish than cultured fish, contrary to skin of cultured fish. The data obtained demonstrated that fatty acid composition of cultured fish did not depend on that of feed.     

Growth promoting effects of carp serum components on goldfish culture cells

ABSTRACT:   The growth promoting effect of carp Cyprinus carpio serum was investigated in a medium for goldfish Carassius auratus cell culture. The cell growth rate was decreased in the L-15 medium containing carp serum free from low molecular weight (LMW) fraction of less than 10 000. The addition of this fraction to the medium recovered the original growth rate, whereas the fraction itself did not enhance cell growth. Similar experiments were carried out with carp serum lipoprotein and albumin-like protein fractions. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction containing apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and apoA-II enhanced cell growth at 20°C and 35°C when added with the above-mentioned LMW fraction. A good proliferation was observed at both 20°C and 35°C with the HDL fraction at 0.58 mg/mL. Carp albumin-like protein fraction, mainly containing a 71 kDa-component, also enhanced goldfish cell growth with the LMW fraction at the two temperatures. These results suggest that HDL and albumin-like proteins play an important role in the goldfish cell growth cooperatively with LMW substances contained in carp serum.