Better tillage selection before ridge—furrow film mulch can facilitate root proliferation,and increase nitrogen accumulation,translocation and grain yield of maize in a semiarid area

Plastic film mulch systems are used widely in arid areas, and the associated tillage measures affect soil properties, root and crop growth, and nutrient uptake. However, much debate surrounds the most suitable tillage method for plastic film mulch systems. We conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the impact of three tillage treatments - rotary tillage before ridge–furrow plastic film mulch (MR), no-tillage before ridge–furrow plastic film mulch (MZ), and plow tillage before ridge–furrow plastic film mulch (MP) - on soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, root stratification structure, nitrogen transfer and utilization, and maize yield. The results showed that MP had better soil quality than either MR or MZ over 2019 and 2020, with higher nitrate-nitrogen and total nitrogen in the 0–40 cm soil layer. MP improved the soil physicochemical properties more than the other treatments, producing significantly higher root numbers and root biomass for the aerial and underground nodal roots than MR and MZ. At harvest, MP had the highest root biomass density, root length density, and root surface area density in the different soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 0–40 cm). Significant correlations occurred between root biomass and aboveground nitrogen accumulation during maize growth. During grain filling, MP had the greatest nitrogen transfer amount, significantly increasing root and aboveground nitrogen transfer by 19.63–45.82% and 11.15–24.56%, respectively, relative to the other treatments. MP significantly produced 1.36–26.73% higher grain yields and a higher grain crude protein content at harvest than MR and MZ. MP also had higher values for the nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen uptake efficiency, and partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer than MR and MZ. In conclusion, plow tillage combined with a ridge–furrow plastic film mulch system facilitated maize root development and improved nitrogen utilization, thereby increasing maize yield more than the other treatments.     

城市融入度对农民工土地流转行为的影响研究——基于微观调查数据的分析

作为包含经济融入、社会融入、心理与身份融入三方面的综合融入过程，农民工城市融入程度的提升会显著促进该群体的农村土地流转行为。其中，经济融入主要提升农民工作出土地流转抉择的可能性；社会融入明显拓展了农民工土地流转的对象范围；心理及身份融入则主要对农民工土地流转期限的提升具有显著影响。但由于中央对农民工的保护性政策倾向，城市融入度对农民工土地退出的影响却并不显著。细化出不同融入指标对农民工土地流转行为的差异性影响，旨在为我国新时期构建新型工农城乡关系，推动城乡融合发展提供一定借鉴。     

两种典型炭材料对微生物还原含砷水铁矿的影响及其机制研究

研究了活性炭和生物炭对Shewanella oneidensis MR-1还原含砷水铁矿过程的影响,并探究了这一过程中砷的释放、转化及其在次生矿物中的分布。研究结果表明:在培养初期活性炭和生物炭抑制了含砷水铁矿中铁的微生物还原过程,可能的原因是活性炭和生物炭抑制了菌的生长,荧光染色结果证实了这一过程;在培养中期,微生物逐渐适应培养环境,并使铁还原持续进行,培养结束时活性炭和生物炭显著增加了含砷水铁矿中铁还原的比例。培养基中的磷酸根通过置换作用使水铁矿中的部分砷释放至溶液,而微生物还原含砷水铁矿过程中,活性炭和生物炭抑制了溶液中砷的去除。此外,微生物还原含砷铁矿过程中,依次生成了蓝铁矿和菱铁矿两种次生矿物。SEM-EDX结果表明,在两种次生矿物中,砷主要被蓝铁矿固定。该结果有助于我们从氧化还原的角度评估活性炭和生物炭在农业环境应用过程中的环境效应。     

转移农村剩余劳动力资源是农民增收的有效途径

从宏观和全局的目标出发,分析转移和消化农村富余劳动力面临的问题和困难,研究探索解决农村剩余劳动力转移流动的对策与措施。     

Factors Affecting Recipients' Pregnancy,Pregnancy Loss,and Foaling Rates in a Commercial Equine Embryo Transfer Program

During 11 breeding seasons, 351 7- to 10-day-old horse embryos were nonsurgically transferred into recipients that ovulated between 3 and 10 days earlier. Pregnancy rates at 14 and 40 days and foaling rates were 77.8% (273/351), 69.2% (243/351), and 64.4% (226/351), respectively. Pregnancy loss between 14 and 40 days was 11% and between 40 days and delivery was 7%. The transfer of quality grade 3 to 4 embryos resulted in a significantly lower pregnancy rate at 14 days compared with the transfer of grade 1 to 2 embryos (46.2% vs. 79%; P < .05). Eight-day-old embryos resulted in significantly lower pregnancy losses than day 9 or 10 embryos, as occurred for embryos between 400 and 1200 μm compared with embryos <400 μm. Embryos recovered from mares >20 years resulted in a significantly higher pregnancy loss rate than those recovered from younger mares. The same happened for embryos coming from mares affected by reproductive pathologies compared with healthy mares performing sport activity. None of the evaluated parameters influenced recipients' foaling rate significantly.     

农地流转的交易成本困境与村级组织的服务优势

当前的农地流转具有显著的乡土特征。农地自发流转无法降低信息、谈判、履约等交易成本。村级组织是农地集体所有的代理者、农地流转的信息拥有者、农民集体行动的组织者和农地流转的有效监督者,具有服务农地流转的低成本优势。因此,克服农地流转的困境需发挥村级组织的服务优势。     

用图像法分析茄子在冻干过程中的水分动态运移规律

为研究真空冻干果蔬内部水分扩散及运移过程和规律,以茄子为研究对象,运用图像处理技术建立水分运移微位移场并以微位移量对真空冻干过程中果蔬内部水分扩散及运移规律进行表达和定量分析。使用CCD(charge coupled device)相机每隔1 h采集茄子样本在真空冻干过程中横截面图像,直至6 h冷冻干燥完成终止。用自动阈值分割法、K均值聚类算法、伪彩色图像处理法可准确提取出原始图像中未冻干区域,再用Sobel边缘检测法提取得到水分边界。将6幅边界图像叠加并以物料几何中心为原点建立微位移场,用Harris角点检测法提取水分边缘与坐标轴相交的各个角点及其坐标值,计算得到每隔1 h各角点的位移量。通过对角点位移量与物料含水率相关性分析可知,模型显著性检验概率0.000 1,决定系数达0.999 8,说明模型检验极显著且拟合精度高。回归参数的检验结果表明,四个角点的微位移量对物料含水率平方的响应极显著,说明物料干燥水分边界微位移场变化量与含水率的关系可用该回归模型预测,物料含水率可用表达水分边界的微位移场参数来表示。该研究为果蔬冻干水分在线检测提供了一种新的方法,同时也为探索冻干机理和低能耗冻干工艺提供了参考。     

抽气方式与充气压力对盒式气调包装气体置换性能的影响

基于不同条件的气体置换流场分析是实现气体置换工艺参数与结构优化的基础。针对盒式气调包装机的关键装置—气体置换装置的物理模型进行流场分析,采用RNG k-ξ湍流模型对进行气流流场数值模拟,建立盒式气调包装气体置换结构内部三维流场;比较等效面积下3种抽气方式对包装内部气体置换性能的影响,确定抽气孔的优化布置方式;分析不同压差工况下的气体置换速度,确定充气压力适宜的工作范围。结果表明,当压强相对于极限真空处于粗真空时（0.04～ 0.1 MPa）,3种抽气方式的气体置换效率差异不显著,随着压强的减小（小于0.04 MPa）,中间抽气方式优于两边抽气方式;同时,采用中间抽气,两边四孔充气方式时,充气压力大于0.5 MPa,有利于获得较高的气体置换精度与置换效率。     

半干旱地区果园土壤Cl-迁移积累与环境因子的关系

为揭示环境因子对果园表层土壤氯离子迁移累积的影响,为预防和改良土壤次生盐渍化提供理论指导和相关依据,研究果树生育期表层土壤不同土层氯离子的变化与环境因子（土温、土壤水分、蒸发量、降雨量、水分亏值、气温、空气相对湿度）的相互关系。结果表明：在土壤0~25cm土层的微域范围内,不同土层对氯离子的迁移与累积具有不同的功能。0~5cm土层为氯离子聚集层,10~15cm土层为氯离子传导层。认为10~15cm土层是半干旱地区环境因子对土壤性质直接作用与影响的临界深度。     

广适性有机栽培基质筛选试验研究

利用菇渣、畜禽粪、枯枝落叶等农林废弃物为主要原料研制有机环保型栽培基质,既可以减少农业面源污染,变废为宝,又可节省土壤、草炭等难再生资源。经3批田间栽培试验表明:以菌苞为主要原料发酵的基质处理均效果良好,而以枯枝落叶发酵的基质处理均出现异常,表现不及对照。3批栽培试验中综合表现最好的基质配方为处理1:菌苞60%+畜禽粪30%+草炭10%+发酵菌1。