杂交朝天椒配套栽培技术

简述了朝天椒杂交品种具有的抗重茬、抗病毒、抗热、耐雨水、品质好、产量高等突出的特性及其主要配套栽培技术。     

The origin,evolution, cultivation,dissemination, and diversification of Asian and African rices

Summary Available evidences drawn from biosystematics, evolutionary biology, biogeography, archaeology, history, anthropology, paleo-geology and paleo-meteorology are pooled to reconstruct the series of events that led to the cosmopolitan cultivation of the Asian cultivated rice (O. sativa) and the regionalized planting of the African cultigen (O. glaberrima) in West Africa. The genus Oryza originated in the Gondwanaland continents and, following the fracture of the supercontinent, became widely distributed in the humid tropics of Africa, South America, South and Southeast Asia, and Oceania. The two cultivated species have had a common progenitor in the distant past. Parallel and independent evolutionary processes occurred in Africa and in Asia, following the sequence of: wild perennialwild annualcultivated annual. The weed races also contributed to the differentiation of the cultivated annuals. The corresponding members of the above series are O. longistaminata Chev. et Roehr., O. barthii A. Chev., O. glaberrima Steud., and the stapfii forms of O. glaberrima in Africa; O. rufipogon Griff., O. nivara Sharma et Shastry, O. sativa L., and the spontanea forms of O. sativa in Asia.The differentiation and diversification of the annuals in South Asia were accelerated by marked climatic changes following the last glacial age, dispersal of plants over latitude or altitude, human selection, and manipulation of the cultural environment.Cultivation of rice began in many parts of South and Southeast Asia, probably first in Ancient India. Cultural techniques such as puddling and transplanting were first developed in north and central China and later transmitted to Southeast Asia. Wetland culture preceded dryland culture in China, but in hilly areas of Southeast Asia, dryland cultivation is older than lowland culture. The planting method progressed from shifting cultivation to direct sowing in permanent fields, then to transplanting in bunded fields.Widespread dispersal of the Asian cultigen led to the formation of three eco-geographic races (Indica. Sinica or Japonica, and Javanica) and distinct cultural types in monsoon Asia (upland, lowland, and deep water). Varietal types changed readily within the span of a millenium, largely due to cultivators' preferences, socio-religious traditions, and population pressure. Genetic differentiation developed parallel to the ecologic diversification process.The African cultigen developed later than the Asian cultigen and has undergone less diversification. The wild races in South America and Oceania retain their primitive features mainly due to lack of cultivation pressure or dispersal.Both the African and Asian rices are still undergoing evolutionary changes at habitats where the wild, weed, and cultivated races co-exist.     

山东棉花覆盖栽培的节水增产效应研究

通过普通地膜覆盖、小麦秸秆覆盖、地膜+秸秆覆盖及露地对照4种处理对山东棉区棉田土壤物理性状、棉花产量影响的分析。结果表明:覆盖栽培能改善土壤物理性状;表现在降低土壤容重、调节土壤温、湿度、提高土壤水分利用率(秸秆覆盖处理较对照增加18.1％～21.4％);秸秆覆盖能增加土壤养分含量,特别是速效钾含量;在棉花生长后期,提高叶面积指数,延长叶片功能期,保持棉株的光合能力从而防止棉花早衰,增加铃重,提高棉花产量(覆盖处理较对照增产7.6％～20.9％)。     

游离棉纤维长度的计算机测量

文中介绍了一种棉纤维长度测量的新方法,即用CCD捕获游离棉纤维图像,然后依据数字图像处理及模式识别的理论,建立起一个实际可行的算法,来完成对棉纤维多种长度指标的一次性测量。该算法涉及到数字图像的二值分割、补断、修剪、像素跟踪等几个方面,且针对棉纤维图像的特征,进行了优化。     

毛乌素沙地苔藓结皮的野外人工培育技术

[目的]探索影响毛乌素沙地人工培育苔藓结皮的关键因子及其最优组合,为该区土地荒漠化的治理提供理论支持。[方法]利用正交试验设计方法,考虑遮阳、覆膜、营养液、浇水频率4个因子,分析不同因子对苔藓结皮株密度和生物量的影响。[结果](1)除Knop营养液外,遮阳、覆膜、浇水频率对苔藓结皮株密度、生物量有显著影响。(2)遮阳、覆膜、营养液、浇水频率4个因素对不同指标的影响顺序不同。(3)就株密度而言,野外培养最优条件为遮阳、不覆膜、Knop营养液和高频率浇水。就生物量而言,苔藓结皮野外培育最优因素组合为遮阳、覆膜、Knop营养液和高频率浇水。[结论](1)在野外苔藓结皮培育过程中遮阳、覆膜、浇水频率对结皮生长都有显著影响。(2)在提供适宜的生长条件的前提下,在干旱半干旱地区进行苔藓结皮人工培育是可行的。     

延安生态农业建设示范区果树资源及其合理利用

延安生态农业建设示范区有野生果树33种,半栽培果树有2种,栽培果树有15种,可引入的果树有5种。示范区果树资源以蔷薇科为主,有野生果树15种,半栽培果树有1种,栽培果树有10种。栽培果树以苹果为主。野生果树以山桃、山杏、酸枣和文冠果等为主,其利用价值较高。该示范区栽培果树树种、品种搭配不够合理,单产低,急需调整、提高。     

桑枝在食用菌方面应用试验初报

在含白糖、石膏各1％,分别以桑枝粒,桑枝屑和蚕沙为基础,加与不加麦麸,或以蚕沙代替麦麸的不同8种菌种培养基上培养,除加入0.5％尿素的明显表现不良影响外,其余均能正常生长,尤以在蚕沙培养基中生长最快。表明蚕沙可以代替麦麸使用。桑枝屑袋栽毛木耳,一潮耳片的生物学效率为47.8％～60.8％。凤尾菇在含10％麦麸桑枝培养基上的生物学效率是64.2％,在100％桑枝屑是58.8％,在含桑枝屑30％、桑枝粒 70％是58.2％,在含稻草 60％与40％的桑枝屑生料袋栽时生物学效率分别是43.3％与31.7％,表明加入稻草混合反而效果不好。     

The effects of human disturbance on a stingless bee community in a tropical rainforest

Human disturbance of tropical rainforests may change pollinator communities indirectly as a result of changes in resource availability. We studied the mechanisms by which human disturbance affects a community of major pollinators, stingless bees, in Sarawak, Malaysia. We surveyed forest structure and flowering activity, and conducted a nest census and a bait-trap survey of stingless bees, both in primary forests and in forests disturbed by logging and shifting cultivation. The densities of late successional trees and large trees (diameter at breast height >50 cm) were higher in the primary forests than in the disturbed forests. The density of flowering trees was lower one year after logging, but recovered in old disturbed forests because of the active flowering of pioneer trees that became established after the disturbance. Stingless bees nest only in large trees, and nest density was positively correlated with the density of large trees. However, we found no relationship between the numbers of foragers and floristic parameters. Some species preferred nesting in dipterocarps, while others preferred dead trees. The results of the bait-trap survey also indicated that some species were abundant in the primary forests, whereas other species were abundant in the disturbed forests. These results suggest that human disturbance alters the species composition of the stingless bee community. Such changes in the bee community may affect the reproductive success of plants, and ultimately forest composition.     

Use of a population model to assess the impact of longline fishing on wandering albatross Diomedea exulans populations

An age-structured model of a wandering albatross Diomedea exulans population is developed to stimulate population trends over time, using demographic parameters from the population at Possession Island, Crozets, during 1968–1986. The simulation results portray a population decreasing at a rate of 2·29% per year, which concurs with global population trends. Sensitivity analyses of model parameters indicate that both adult and juvenile mortality are contributing to the decrease. Wandering albatross mortality is presumed to have increased as a result of deaths caused by longline fishing vessels; such deaths are likely to be relatively more frequent among young, naive birds. The model is used to investigate the potential impacts of new longline fisheries such as that for Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides in Antarctica. Assuming longline fishing operations affect juveniles more than adults, there is a time lag of 5–10 years before further decreases in population numbers are reflected in the breeding population. Also, because wandering albatrosses are long-lived, population growth rates take approximately 30–50 years to stabilize after a perturbation. Consequently, caution must be exercised when interpreting population trends; short-term (<20 year) estimates may not provide good indications of long-term trends.