黄瓜对B型和Q型烟粉虱取食的不同生理生化反应

【目的】烟粉虱（Bemisia tabaci）B生物型（中东-小亚细亚1种）和Q生物型（地中海种）是农业生产上的重要害虫,杀虫剂的滥用造成害虫产生抗药性,并危害到生态安全与人类健康,因此,制定安全有效的防控措施十分必要。利用植物抗性是害虫综合治理的重要方面,论文旨在探讨黄瓜植株被B型、Q型烟粉虱取食后营养和防御相关酶系的反应差异,阐明黄瓜植株应对烟粉虱取食防御反应的生理生化机制,为利用植物抗性防控不同烟粉虱生物型提供依据。【方法】以实验室长期培养的B型、Q型烟粉虱和黄瓜博杰1号品种为供试材料,在黄瓜植株4片真叶期分别接B型、Q型烟粉虱成虫200头,同时分别以不接虫的黄瓜植株为对照,在烟粉虱持续取食1、3、5、7、9 d后,分别测定黄瓜叶片中营养物质（可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质）含量、多酚含量、防御物质合成相关酶活性以及保护酶活性。【结果】在整个实验期内,B型烟粉虱取食3 d后,黄瓜叶片中可溶性糖和蛋白含量均显著高于对照植株,而Q型烟粉虱取食1 d后,黄瓜叶片内可溶性糖和蛋白质含量均比对照植株显著下降。黄瓜叶片中多酚含量及其合成关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性在两种生物型烟粉虱取食后均升高,但对Q型烟粉虱取食更敏感,即活性更高。B型烟粉虱取食后引起黄瓜叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）酶活性均升高、过氧化物酶（POD）酶活性下降;而Q型烟粉虱取食后则引起SOD活性升高、POD和CAT酶活性下降。【结论】烟粉虱B型和Q型取食诱导黄瓜的营养物质含量、防御酶或保护酶活性发生不同变化。B型、Q型烟粉虱取食均能诱导黄瓜植株防御物质多酚的合成,导致叶片内多酚含量升高;但二者对黄瓜营养物质及保护酶的活性诱导存在差异,B型烟粉虱诱导黄瓜营养物质增加,Q型取食导致营养物质下降,而黄瓜防御物质在Q型烟粉虱取食后活性更强。两种烟粉虱生物型在寄主适应性上存在差异,在制定防治策略上,应该因不同烟粉虱生物型或不同寄主植物而有所不同。     

秸秆和地膜双元覆盖对设施黄瓜根系生长和根际土壤养分的影响

[目的]研究秸秆和地膜双元覆盖条件对设施黄瓜结果期根系生长和根际土壤养分含量的影响,为北方寒旱区设施农业可持续生产提供理论依据和技术支持。[方法]以设施黄瓜为试材,采用日光温室试验和室内测定的分析方法。[结果]玉米秸秆加地膜的双元覆盖处理可明显增加根际土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾等养分含量,促进植株根系生长,其中0.72kg/m2秸秆量并覆膜处理效果和推广性最佳,与对照相比,在结果后期提高根际土壤有机质、全磷、全钾、碱解氮含量及根系数、根冠比、总根长、根表面积、根系活力分别达20.83%,22.83%,5.16%,5.53%,73.24%,32.76%,65.42%,45.94%和10.41%。[结论]秸秆和地膜复合的双元覆盖效果优于秸秆或地膜单一覆盖处理。     

不同地区黄瓜霜霉病菌毒力的差异

为选择黄瓜抗性品种,对来自全国8个省市18个黄瓜霜霉病菌株的孢子囊长度和宽度进行研究,以期明确定黄瓜霜霉病在各地区间的差异。结果表明:18个黄瓜霜霉病菌株的孢子囊存在差异,来自同一城市的菌株间差异不显著,并从供试的10个黄瓜品种中筛选出7个对不同致病菌株反应型各异,抗病感病界限明显的品种,可初步作为黄瓜霜霉病菌生理小种分化的鉴别寄主,利用所筛选出的鉴别寄主将18个菌株分为12个致病性类型。     

茉莉酸甲酯对烟草抗黄瓜花叶病毒的诱导效应

用1 g.L-1茉莉酸甲酯(MJ)处理小十字期烟草幼苗,烟苗移栽后长至10片真叶时再用相同浓度MJ处理一次,并接种烟草黄瓜花叶病毒,研究茉莉酸甲酯对烟草黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)的诱导效应.结果表明:接种CMV后21 d,MJ处理烟株的病情显著低于对照,诱导效果达到43.24%;MJ处理提高了烟草幼苗叶片内的过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶及超氧化物歧化酶的活性和过氧化氢的含量;而接种CMV后,MJ处理烟株叶片过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性下降,过氧化物酶活性增强,过氧化氢含量明显升高.     

病原菌诱导后黄瓜叶片中脂氧合酶活性与茉莉酸积累的关系

通过酶活性测定和高效液相色谱分析,研究经病原菌诱导后黄瓜叶片中脂氧合酶(LOX)活性与茉莉酸(JA)积累量的关系。结果表明,黄瓜经褐斑菌诱导后,叶片中茉莉酸(JA)大量积累,同时脂氧合酶(LOX)活性上升,接种叶片的上位叶中LOX活性和JA含量于诱导接种褐斑菌12h后开始升高,并于诱导接种24h后达到峰值,接种叶片的下位叶中LOX活性和JA含量在诱导接种12h后变化不大,但在24h后显著升高,并于48h达到峰值,此后逐渐平稳下降。相关分析表明,LOX与JA呈显著正相关,相关系数r为0.92。同时通过喷施脂氧合酶抑制剂(NDGA)和添加茉莉酸的试验证实LOX是JA合成的关键酶。     

晨雨生物有机肥对大棚黄瓜的增产效应研究

通过温室大棚试验,研究了晨雨生物有机肥在黄瓜上的应用效果。结果表明:在同等价格下,合理施用晨雨生物有机肥作基肥,大棚黄瓜公顷产量可达到93831kg,与等基质发酵肥料和有机无机配施相比,增产率分别为27.71%和17.47%,且黄瓜品质、植物学性状以及土壤理化性状均有不同程度的改善和提高。由此可见,晨雨生物有机肥作为一种优质高效肥料可以大面积推广使用,有着良好的经济效益和生态效益。     

降低营养液Mn2+·Cu2+和Zn2+浓度对冷胁迫嫁接黄瓜幼苗叶片SOD活性的影响

[目的]研究低浓度Mn2＋、Cu2＋或Zn2＋营养液育苗对嫁接黄瓜叶片Mn、Cu和Zn含量,冷胁迫下SOD及其同工酶活性及电解质渗漏率的影响。[方法]用含有低浓度Mn2＋、Cu2＋或Zn2＋营养液培育嫁接黄瓜幼苗,然后进行冷处理。[结果]降低营养液Mn2＋、Cu2＋或Zn2＋浓度,嫁接黄瓜幼苗叶片SOD活性降低,电解质渗漏率增大,其中以Mn2＋浓度降低对SOD活性和电解质渗漏率的影响最大,Cu2＋次之,Zn2＋影响最小。[结论]可以通过改变营养液中Mn2＋、Cu2＋或Zn2＋含量进而改变黄瓜的抗冷性。     

Energy budget adjustment of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus during breeding period

Reproductive success is unpredictable for many cultured echinoderms. And cost of reproduction plays an important role in animal life‐history. Therefore, understanding cost of reproduction contributes to improving breeding techniques during broodstock rearing in aquaculture. In this study, energetic costs during breeding were explored in the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, an important aquaculture species in China, Japan and South Korea. The food intake, digestive functions and energy budget patterns were estimated at different breeding stages. Unexpectedly, in the growing gonad phase of the sea cucumber lifecycle, animals showed a decline in feed consumption (from 4.49 to 2.6 g ind^?1 day^?1), ingestion rate (from 0.4 to 0.13 g g^?1 day^?1) and apparent digestive rate (from 14.73% to 10.92%), resulting in a reduced energy input. In addition, the increased energy investment in reproduction (from 1.76% to 15.61%) resulted in a decrease in energy allocated to soma growth (from 17.1% to 5.64%) and self‐maintenance (from 47.82% to 34.67%). These results suggest that reproduction impairs energy acquisition ability in breeding A. japonicus. And broodstock can adapt energy shortage by internal adjustment of energy allocation strategy.     

Effect of dietary chitosan oligosaccharide complex with Ce (IV) on growth,immunity and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicas

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chitosan oligosaccharide complex with cerium (Ce IV) (COS‐Ce) on growth performance, nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicas. Five isonitrogenous (18.6%) and isolipidic (1.1%) practical diets were formulated with graded level of COS‐Ce (0, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 mg kg^?1 dry feed), which were named as COS‐Ce/0, COS‐Ce/150, COS‐Ce/300, COS‐Ce/600, COS‐Ce/1200 respectively. Each diet was allocated to four replicates of sea cucumbers (Initial weight: 6.72 ± 0.02 g). Sea cucumbers were fed to apparent satiation once daily (19:00 hours) for 56 days. During the experiment, water temperature was kept at 16 ± 0.5°C, pH 7.8–8.2, dissolved oxygen beyond 5 mg L^?1, ammonia nitrogen below 0.5 mg L^?1 and salinity from 30‰ to 31‰. Results showed that the specific growth rate of sea cucumbers was significantly higher in COS‐Ce/600 than that in other four treatments. Activities of phagocytosis, respiratory burst, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in COS‐Ce/600 were significantly higher than that in COS‐Ce/0 (P < 0.05) respectively. On the contrary, cumulative mortality was the lowest in COS‐Ce/600 following 14 days exposure to Vibrio splendidus (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results confirmed that dietary COS‐Ce had beneficial effects on growth performance, nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumber.