多孔高分子载体固定化微生物厌氧流化床处理低浓度废水的研究

本文报道用厌氧流化床反应器处理低浓度有机废水的可行性研究结果。采用多孔高分子载体固定厌氧微生物和流态化技术强化传质过程,可克服低浓度有机废水甲烷化能力低的障碍。实验表明,在３５±１℃条件下,处理ＣＯＤ浓度为１６００ｍｇ／Ｌ的人工葡萄糖废水,床层最优膨胀率为５０％,容积有机负荷率为１９．２ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率达７０％;处理ＣＯＤ浓度为２２０～２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的城市污水,容积有机负荷率为２．４～２．６ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率为５４％～５６％。     

污水芦苇碎石床处理出水养鱼回用技术研究

通过直接建造在鱼塘内的芦苇碎石床处理城市污水后,再抽鱼塘底层水回流到芦苇碎石床上进行再处理的试验研究表明,这种处理可使鱼塘水质达到卫生养鱼的水质标准。这一回用技术是安全可行的,有较好的经济效益。     

Observations on the conditioning of filter bed in hypersaline aquaria

The nitrifying activity of the filter bed of aquaria was monitored in hypersaline conditions. Salinity was raised in 5 ppt steps from normal sea water to 126 ppt in a course of 35 and 41 days. Twenty grey mullet fry (Chelon labrosus and Mugil cephalus) were used in two 53 l aquaria. Daily monitoring of total ammonia–nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, nitrate ions, and pH was performed. After an initial peak of TAN (0.65 mg/l), total ammonia stabilized at safe low levels (0–0.2 mg/l). Nitrite exhibited more peaks at levels of about 10 mg/l, lasted for 3–8 days but they also subsided to almost zero afterwards. Nitrate finally stabilized at levels around 100 mg/l. The water was alkaline, with pH fluctuating in the region of 8.2–8.8. These findings indicate that the filter bed may be effectively conditioned for hypersalinity and that fish may be safely maintained in the aquaria.     

旋转导向管新型喷动床空气动力学特性研究

为放大常规喷动床,提出了“旋转导向管喷动床”新概念,设计并安装了两种旋转导向管喷动床。以小麦为原料,测定了旋转导向管新型喷动床的空气动力学特性,包括不同导向管在相同导喷距下风速与床层压降关系、导喷距对风速与床层压降关系的影响和旋转导向管喷动床的循环量等性能。研究结果表明：采用旋转导向管后物料可洒布在整个床层截面上,因此可放大喷动床的直径;在喷动发生后,旋转导向管新型喷动床的床层压降与普通导向管喷动床的床层压降差异较小;导喷距影响最大床层压降,采用调节导向管安装高度的方法,可不考虑最大喷动压强,而根据正常喷动时的压降选用风机。     

棕床垫的创新设计与实践

将棕绷结构与弹簧结合,组成棕纤维床垫的中心缓冲层,再用不同的结构和材料形成多种类型的棕床垫。将这一创新设计应用于实践,生产出的产品得到市场的认可和欢迎,但受到规模量产的限制。     

不同填料原料对微生物异位发酵床处理生猪养殖废弃物效果的影响

以微生物异位发酵床填料为研究对象,研究了不同原料填料对生猪养殖废弃物的处理效果,分析了在相同条件下玉米秸秆填料与稻壳和椰壳粉混合物填料在温度、pH、含水量、微生物数量和营养成分变化上的差异。结果表明,稻壳和椰壳粉混合物更容易控制温度的变化,发酵床温度保持在25~54℃,并且其pH变化范围较小,为7.6~8.9,更接近好氧发酵的最适pH值范围。稻壳和椰壳粉混合物填料处理含水量稍低于玉米秸秆填料处理,维持在44%~64%之间。试验结束时,两个处理发酵床填料的pH、TN、TP、TK和有机质等指标均符合国家有机肥标准。     

Drought-induced root plasticity of two upland NERICA varieties under conditions with contrasting soil depth characteristics

To identify differences in root plasticity patterns of two upland New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties, NERICA 1 and 4, in response to drought under conditions with contrasting soil profile characteristics, soil moisture gradients were imposed using a sloping bed system with depths ranging 30–65 cm and a line-source sprinkler system with a uniformly shallow soil layer of 20 cm depth. Varietal differences in shoot and root growths were identified only under moderate drought conditions, 11–18% v/v soil moisture content. Further, under moderate drought soil conditions where roots could penetrate into the deep soil layer, deep root development was greater in NERICA 4 than in NERICA 1, which contributed to maintaining dry matter production. However, under soil conditions with underground impediment to deep root development, higher shoot dry weight was noted for NERICA 1 than for NERICA 4 at 11–18% v/v soil moisture content, which was attributed to increased lateral root development in the shallow soil layer in NERICA 1. Enhanced lateral root development in the 0–20-cm soil layer was identified in NERICA 1 even under soil conditions without an impediment to deep root development; however, this did not contribute to maintaining dry matter production in upland rice. Thus, we show different root developmental traits associated with drought avoidance in the two NERICA varieties, and that desirable root traits for upland rice cultivation vary depending on the target soil environment, such as the distribution of soil moisture and root penetration resistance.     

海南景观水体水生植物调查及试验

对海南多个景观水体的水生植物进行调查研究,并采用浮床栽培技术对多种植物进行水培试验,结果植株在污染水体培养的植物长势和景观效果优于自来水体,富贵竹、闭鞘姜、黄花蔺等植物在浮床栽培技术中具有较高的观赏价值,可运用于热带地区水体景观中。     

不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳、微生物量及酶活性的影响

【目的】依托8年长期(2005~2012)固定道定位试验,研究不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性在0—90 cm土层的分布特征,为优化中国西北干旱区的耕作方式提供理论依据。【方法】试验包括固定道垄作(PRB)、固定道平作(PFT)与传统耕作(CT)三种耕作模式下的土壤有机碳土壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、土壤微生物量氮(MBN)、土壤微生物量磷(MBP)、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶及小麦产量进行了测定和分析。【结果】在0—90 cm土层,不同耕作方式下的TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性均随着土层的增加呈下降趋势,过氧化氢酶活性呈先下降后增大的分布特征;在0—60 cm,固定道保护性耕作能够显著增加心土层作物生长带土壤有机碳储量,有机碳储量大小为PRBPFTCT;PRB、PFT较CT可以显著增加0—10 cm作物生长带TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP含量、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性,其大小为PRBPFTCT;耕作方式对过氧化氢酶活性影响不显著;TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性之间均达到了显著或极显著相关。【结论】PRB较PFT、CT能够提高耕作层(0—10 cm)土壤有机碳含量、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性, 增加作物产量, 增大0—60 cm土层有机碳储量,耕作方式(PRB、PFT及CT)对10 cm以下土层土壤环境改善作用不明显。     

干旱灌区固定道耕作对土壤水热效应及春小麦产量的影响

为提高干旱灌区小麦节水生产技术,依托2005年开始的定位试验,以传统耕作（CT）为对照,对固定道平作（ZT）和固定道垄作（PRB）下土壤温度、土壤水分和春小麦产量的变化进行了分析。结果表明,PRB可增加0～80 cm土层土壤水分含量,小麦出苗期至收获期不同土层土壤含水量为PRB>ZT>CT。在小麦播种期至出苗期,PRB土壤升温较慢,拔节期至收获期0～15 cm土层土壤温度变化趋势为PRB>ZT>CT。随着种植年限的增加,PRB保护性耕作对小麦具有明显的增产效应,穗粒数的增加是其增产的主要因素。PRB和ZT处理4年平均水分利用效率分别比对照提高了46.88%和12.96%。PRB处理节水增产效果明显,可作为干旱灌区小麦节水栽培新技术进行推广。