1981-2009年江苏省气候变化趋势及其对水稻产量的影响

利用江苏省1981-2009年7个农业气象站点的气象和水稻物候、产量资料,从平均气温和降水量对水稻产量影响的基本方程入手,定义了平均气温和降水量变化趋势对水稻产量趋势的贡献率,揭示江苏省近30a气候变化趋势对水稻产量的影响.结果表明,近30a来,江苏省水稻全生育期平均气温和最低气温呈上升趋势,最高气温的变化在苏南和苏北地区差异较大,尤其在开花-成熟阶段,苏南地区呈上升趋势,而苏北地区则呈相反变化趋势.气温(包括平均气温、最低气温和最高气温)与水稻产量呈正相关,1981-2009年平均气温升高对江苏省水稻产量影响的平均值约为1.2％,对产量趋势的贡献率约为30.0％.降水量的变化趋势不明显,降水量与水稻产量的相关性亦不显著,说明在研究区内降水量的变化对水稻产量的影响较小.总体上,江苏省近30a气候变化有利于水稻生产.     

华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作田能量闭合状况分析

对华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作田连续3a(2003-11-2006-10)涡度相关观测的能量闭合状况进行综合分析,并探讨下垫面对能量闭合程度的影响.结果表明,能量平衡比率(EBR)日变化规律明显,以昼夜交替时波动最大,下午略高于上午,白天能量闭合状况明显优于夜间.将湍流能的相位提前0.5h,湍流通量和有效能的匹配度及能量闭合程度均得到提高.白天EBR呈秋冬高(分别为0.98和0.94)、春夏低(分别为0.85和0.70)的季节变化特征,EBR的波动幅度依次为:夏＞秋＞冬＞春.下垫面状况对地表能量闭合程度影响显著,裸地阶段、小麦季和玉米季的年均白天EBR分别为1.11、0.94和0.74,小麦季的能量闭合状况优于玉米季;EBR波动幅度依次为:裸地阶段＞玉米季＞小麦季.观测期间,白天EBR年均值范围在0.82 ～0.97,平均0.89,较好地满足了农田通量观测对数据质量的要求.     

内蒙古乌梁素海入湖水质超标风险率分析

以内蒙古乌梁素海入流水体为研究对象,考虑湖泊水质的随机性和灰色不确定性,以灰色概率统计理论为基础,引入灰色-随机风险率方法,通过计算并分析2006年、2007年和2008年入湖断面各水质参数存在的超标风险性,反映不同水质参数的污染强度和污染历时的变化过程。结果表明,入湖水体总氮总磷浓度超标风险率呈现逐年上升的趋势;总氮浓度超过Ⅴ类标准值的上限风险率达96.4%,下限风险率达87.7%;总磷浓度超过Ⅴ类标准值的上限风险率达96.2%,下限风险率达86.9%;BOD5浓度超过Ⅴ类标准值的平均风险率达55%;COD浓度超过Ⅴ类标准值的平均风险率达85%。乌梁素海入湖水体污染程度已十分严重,源头水污染防治已刻不容缓。     

施用生物黑炭对新疆灰漠土肥力与玉米生长的影响

通过田间小区对比试验,研究生物黑炭作为改良剂与堆肥等其他生物质改良剂相比对新疆低产土壤——灰漠土的改良和玉米增产的效果。结果表明,施入20t·hm^-2和40t·hm^-2的生物黑炭,能显著提高土壤有机质含量,与基础土壤相比,提高了22．77％和49．80％,明显高于秸秆还田、羊粪和腐植酸有机肥等对土壤有机质的提升效果。施用生物黑炭提高了玉米单穗重、千粒重、产量以及生物量,降低了玉米的根冠比,促进玉米根系生长,而追施氮肥对玉米产量的影响差异不显著。因此,施用生物黑炭能够大幅度提高土壤有机质含量,对灰漠土土壤质量和作物产量以及农艺性状的提高具有重要作用。     

施氮水平对甘蔗氮素吸收与利用的影响

以新台糖22号(ROC22)为试材,设15N标记尿素2.5、5.0和7.5g/盆(相当于225、450和675kg/hm2)3个处理,采用网室盆栽试验方式,研究施氮水平对甘蔗氮素吸收与利用的影响。结果表明:甘蔗吸收的氮素17.27%～27.28%来自施用的氮肥,72.72%～82.73%来自土壤和种茎;甘蔗氮肥利用率为34.21%～42.46%。随施氮水平提高,甘蔗干物质积累、氮素积累及来源于肥料氮素的比率显著增加,同时蔗叶对氮素的吸收利用呈上升趋势,但蔗茎对氮素的吸收利用呈下降趋势,氮肥利用率也显著下降。土壤碱解氮和硝态氮在各土层中的含量随施氮水平的提高而增加,且两者在0～20cm土层的积累明显大于20～40cm土层。本试验条件下,甘蔗氮肥施用为尿素5.0g/盆(相当于450kg/hm2)及土层深度为20cm较为适宜。     

REDUCING NITRATE CONTENT IN LETTUCE BY PRE-HARVEST CONTINUOUS LIGHT DELIVERED BY RED AND BLUE LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES

Effect of pre-harvest continuous light with different red/blue ratio on photon flux density (R/B ratio) on reducing nitrate accumulation was studied by growing lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under continuous illumination delivered by light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Results show that nitrate concentration decreased by 1648.0–2061.1 mg kg^?1 in leaf blade and 962.9–2090.3 mg kg^?1 in petiole, accompanied by a dramatic increase in soluble sugar content. Compared with monochromatic red light treatment, the decrease in nitrate concentration and increase in soluble sugar content in lettuce under mixed red and blue light were more pronounced. The lowest nitrate concentration was observed in the treatment with R/B ratio of 4. It's concluded that pre-harvest exposure to 48?h continuous LED light could effectively reduce nitrate accumulation in lettuce and this process is strongly affected by R/B ratio of light. This study may provide new perspective for pre-harvest quality management of vegetable, especially in commercial leaf vegetable production under artificial lighting.     

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer application on the performance of maize/soybean intercrop in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria

Field experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria in 2007 and 2008 to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilizer application on performance of intercropped maize and soybean. The experiments, arranged as a split plot in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. A cropping system with sole maize, sole soybean and maize/soybean intercrop formed the main plot treatments while P rates with 0, 15 and 30 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 were the subplot treatments. For both years, neither P fertilizer application nor cropping systems had a significant effect on maize grain yield. However, soybean grain yield was significantly higher (92.3% in 2007 and 44.5% in 2008) under sole cropping than under maize/soybean intercropping. On average, N fixed by soybean increased with the increase in P rate (from 51.8% without P to 60.5% with 30 P), but there was no significant difference in N fixed by sole soybean and soybean/maize intercrop. However, the interaction effect on N fixed between cropping systems and P rates was significant (P ≤ 0.05). N, P and K contents in maize grain were significantly higher (>100%) in intercropped maize than in sole maize. The cropping systems had no significant effect on post-harvest soil chemical characteristics. The land equivalent ratio was 1.52 in 2007 and 1.78 in 2008. The result shows that in utilizing legumes for N enrichment, the alleviation of P deficiency can enhance N₂-fixation by legumes. Furthermore, P replenishment in a maize/soybean intercrop may improve maize grain quality even though yield is not increased.     

玉米生长后期的根系分布研究

为了研究玉米生长后期根系的生长发育规律,利用中国气象局固城农业气象试验站大型根剖面系统,采用微根管观测系统及方形整段标本法和地下根系室玻璃窗,对‘屯玉46号’玉米根系的生长状况进行了试验研究。结果表明:垂直方向上,方形整段标本法和微根管法测得的根长密度占整层总根长密度比例的变化趋势一致,相关系数分别为0.987和0.717,且两种方法在0~20 cm土层的根长密度比例均为最大。0~60 cm土层为玉米根系生长活跃区,方形整段标本法测得根长密度生长量为其余层的4倍。两种方法测得的根长密度无显著差异,相关系数为0.830,均匀性水平较好。玉米成熟期根系的水平幅度较乳熟期窄,下层根系仍处于生长中,垂直深度增加。玻璃窗与方形整段标本法观测的根深测定结果存在差异,这可能与观测环境条件不一致有关。     

Influence of Rooting Media on Chrysopogon Zizanioides (L.) Roberty

The present study was carried out to find the influence of some organic materials on the optimum biomass production of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty (Vetiver) using soil (S), vermicompost (VC), cow dung (CD) and coir pith (CP) at different ratios. The final day results showed that the ideal combination for the growth of the Vetiver is 1:1:1:1 v/v ratio of VC/CD/CP/S. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen (N)- phosphorus (P)- potassium (K), organic carbon (OC), and carbon (C)/N ratio showed in 1:1:1:1 v/v ratio of (VC/CD/CP/S), on 120th day were 7.3, 0.38 dS m^?1, 1.36%, 0.11%, 8.7%, 20.5% and C/N ratio is 15:1. The root and shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, number of culms, and total chlorophyll content of Chrysopogon zizanioides were 65cm, 197 cm, 312 g, 104.4 g, 36 culms/plant and 40.57 mg/g at 1:1:1:1 v/v ratio of (VC/CD/CP/S) treatment and compared to control sets, the increasing ratio were 6:1, 3:1, 12:1, 12:1, 3:1, 2:1 respectively.     

基于膨胀比的自由活塞发动机理想热力循环分析

为提高传统发动机的热效率,降低燃料消耗成本,减少尾气排放,该文建立了基于增压中冷和Atkinson循环的四冲程自由活塞发动机理想热力循环模型,着重分析了膨胀比对自由活塞发动机热力过程的影响,提出了膨胀极限的概念,通过数值模拟方法对膨胀比与发动机热效率关系进行了仿真研究和试验验证,结果表明,通过增大膨胀比可使发动机的热效率提高10%;膨胀终了温度降低500K以上。研究结果可为自由活塞发动机在混合动力车辆上的应用提供参考。