玉米季横垄坡面片蚀阶段产流及水动力学参数变化特征

为弄清玉米各生育期片蚀阶段的径流特征,采用人工模拟降雨与微小区试验相结合的方法,研究不同坡度下紫色土横垄坡面片蚀阶段产流及水动力学参数变化特征。结果表明:(1)15°坡面,拔节期和抽雄期片蚀出现时间在8min后,且与苗期和成熟期间达显著差异;20°坡面,拔节期和抽雄期片蚀出现时间在6min后,且与苗期、成熟期片蚀出现时间达显著差异。(2)15°坡面,径流总量和产流率均表现为成熟期苗期抽雄期拔节期,且成熟期径流总量和产流率分别为31.25L和1.04L/min;20°坡面,径流总量和产流率却表现为苗期成熟期抽雄期拔节期,且成熟期径流总量和产流率分别为34.62L和1.44L/min;径流总量和产流率总体表现为20°坡面显著高于15°坡面。(3)15°坡面,水流剪切应力在各生育期无显著差异,其它水动力学参数均表现为抽雄期最小,成熟期和苗期较大。20°坡面,单位水流功率在各生育期无显著差异,其它水动力学参数表现为拔节期或抽雄期最小,成熟期或苗期最大。断面单位能量和水流功率是试验条件下与横垄坡面片蚀产流率关系最密切的水动力学参数,可较好地表征横垄坡面产流特征。研究结果可为紫色土丘陵区坡耕地片蚀的有效防控提供理论依据。     

不同立地条件下引种秃杉试验初报

在杉木采伐迹地不同的立地条件下开展秃杉与杉木、柳杉、福建柏造林对比试验,结果表明:19年生秃杉在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ立地级的生长与Ⅳ立地级的生长差异达显著水平;秃杉在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ立地级的生长好于杉木、柳杉、福建柏,其差异达显著水平;秃杉的单株材积增幅达26.0%～49.3%。表明秃杉可作为福建省杉木采伐迹地的优良更新树种,宜在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ立地级造林,其生长量大,效益好。     

不同剂型葫芦茶对两种常见昆虫幼虫的杀灭试验

用10%葫芦茶浸膏、葫芦茶粉剂、葫芦茶煎剂、葫芦茶浸剂、葫芦茶浸泡剂、葫芦茶碳化剂对叶蜂科幼虫、灯蛾科幼虫进行杀灭试验,对照组用凉开水.结果不同剂型葫芦茶等对参试的幼虫均无杀灭效果.虫体死亡与药毒无关,而是由于浸泡在药液里窒息而死.     

Differential promoter methylation of DAZL gene in bulls with varying seminal parameters

In India, cross‐breeding of indigenous cattle with exotic cattle such as Holstein Friesian and Jersey has been going on since last four decades to improve milk production. Although it has led to increased milk yield, the subfertility in male cross‐bred progeny has remained a significant problem. Epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, histone modifications and chromatin remodelling) are regarded as key players influencing gene expression. DAZL gene plays an important role in germline development and gametogenesis. The methylation and mRNA expression level of this gene have been significantly negatively correlated in the testes of cattle–yak hybrids and their parents. This study analysed the methylation profile of DAZL gene promoter in bull spermatozoa in an attempt to speculate its role in cross‐bred cattle subfertility. Semen samples from Sahiwal, Holstein Friesian and Frieswal bulls (Sahiwal X Holstein Friesian) with varying semen motility parameters were collected, and DNA was isolated. Methylation‐specific primers were used to amplify part of promoter and exon 1 of DAZL gene using bisulphite‐converted DNA. The amplified products were sequenced after cloning in pTZ57R/T vector. Sequence analysis revealed significantly higher DNA methylation of DAZL gene in Frieswal bulls with poor motility (28.26%) as compared to medium (15.21%) and high motility phenotype (6.52%). In pure‐bred counterparts, Sahiwal and Holstein Friesian, epigenetic marks were more in the former (15.21%) than the latter (4.34%), but in both cases, the values were lower as compared to the poor motility Frieswal bulls. This suggests that differential hypermethylation of the CpG islands could possibly influence reproductive parameters in bovines.     

Comparative Study on the Beef Traits Between Jiaxian Red Cattle and Crossbred Beef Cattle

In order to study the beef traits and beef quality of Jiaxian Red bull with crossbred beef cattle, 5 purebred Jiaxian Red bull, 5 Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation, 5 Simmental cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation and 5 Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation were chosen and assigned into groups A,B,C and D for continual finishing for 3 months of age under the same feeding and management conditions and slaughtered at the end of the trial. The results showed that there were no significant difference in body height, body length, chest girth and cannon circumference between Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation and purebred Jiaxian Red bull, the same as in Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P>0.05). The weight of head, skin, fore hooves and tail, the skin thick, esophagus, trachea, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and carcass meat percentage, loin eye area and the meat bone ratio in crossbred beef cattle groups were not significant differences compared with purebred Jiaxian Red bull (P>0.05), but its hind legs wide in carcass was significantly higher than that of purebred Jiaxian Red bull (P<0.05). The high-grade meat weight and high quality meat weight in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation were 70.22 and 105.22 kg, respectively, and was the highest in four groups,but the high-grade beef percentage among four groups did not show significant differences (P>0.05). The high quality meat percentage in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 reached 34.43%, was significantly higher than that of Jiaxian Red bull and Simmental cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P<0.05), and was higher than that of Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P>0.05). In terms of meat quality, the content of inosinic acid that related with the meat flavor in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 was the highest in four groups, while the content of unsaturated fatty acid and the flavor related amino acid, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine, in Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 were the highest in four groups,and their values were 53.85% and 8.04%, respectively. To sum up, the results suggested that there was no significant difference in body development and beef traits using Red Angus cattle, Simmental cattle and Charolais cattle to improve Jiaxian Red bull, while Red Angus cattle crossbred with Jiaxian Red bull could moderately improve the weight of high-grade beef and high-quality beef, and Charolais cattle could moderately improve the beef quality of Jiaxian Red bull.     

Explanation and Elaboration Document for the STROBE‐Vet Statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology – Veterinary Extension

The STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement was first published in 2007 and again in 2014. The purpose of the original STROBE was to provide guidance for authors, reviewers and editors to improve the comprehensiveness of reporting; however, STROBE has a unique focus on observational studies. Although much of the guidance provided by the original STROBE document is directly applicable, it was deemed useful to map those statements to veterinary concepts, provide veterinary examples and highlight unique aspects of reporting in veterinary observational studies. Here, we present the examples and explanations for the checklist items included in the STROBE‐Vet Statement. Thus, this is a companion document to the STROBE‐Vet Statement Methods and process document, which describes the checklist and how it was developed.     

Distribution of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from turkey farms and different stages at slaughter using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flaA-short variable region sequencing

The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. isolated from turkey flocks at six rearing farms 1-2 weeks prior to slaughter (360 faecal swab samples) and from 11 different stages at the slaughterhouse (636 caecal, environmental, neck skin and meat samples). A total of 121 Campylobacter isolates were identified to species level using a multiplex PCR assay and were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and flaA-short variable region (SVR) sequencing. All Campylobacter isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni. PFGE analysis with KpnI restriction enzyme resulted in 11 PFGE types (I-XI) and flaA SVR typing yielded in nine flaA-SVR alleles. The Campylobacter-positive turkey flocks A, C and E were colonized by a limited number of Campylobacter clones at the farm and slaughter. The present study confirms the traceability of flock-specific strains (PFGE types I, V and IX; flaA types 21, 36 and 161) from the farm along the entire processing line to meat cuts. It seems that stress factors such as high temperature of the defeathering water (54-56 °C), drying of the carcass skin during air chilling (24 h at 2 °C), and oxygen in the air could not eliminate Campylobacter completely. Campylobacter-negative flocks became contaminated during processing by the same subtypes of Campylobacter introduced into the slaughter house by preceeding positive flocks even if they were slaughtered on subsequent days. Proper and efficient cleaning and disinfection of slaughter and processing premises are needed to avoid cross-contamination, especially in countries with a low prevalence of Campylobacter spp. The majority of flaA SVR alleles displayed a distinct association with a specific PFGE type. However, a linear relationship for all strains among both typing methods could not be established. To specify genetic relatedness of strains, a combination of different genotyping methods, is needed.     

用响应面分析法优化桑叶水溶性多糖的提取工艺

为了高效提取桑叶中的水溶性多糖,通过单因素试验考察了提取温度、提取时间、原料质量浓度和提取次数对多糖得率的影响,然后采用响应面分析法优化桑叶水溶性多糖的提取工艺。以提取温度和原料质量浓度为主要因素进行中心组合试验,建立了多糖得率测算模型的回归方程,确认提取温度和原料质量浓度对多糖得率都有显著影响。优化后的提取工艺在温度90℃、提取时间80 min、原料质量浓度0.042 g/mL的条件下提取1次,桑叶水溶性多糖的最高得率达到1.92%。     

禽流感H9亚型流行毒株交叉免疫保护试验

采用北京市农林科学院畜牧兽医研究所1998年-2008年在北京及河北省分离的4株禽流感病毒H9亚型流行毒株,分别制备不同分离毒株灭活疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,进行交叉免疫保护试验。结果表明,用4个不同时期的分离毒株所制备出的灭活疫苗免疫鸡后,各免疫组鸡禽流感(H9亚型)的HI抗体效价均明显上升,所诱导产生的HI抗体效价基本相同;不同时期分离毒株大多产生了较好的交叉保护力。用1998年、2004年及2006年分离的流行毒株制备出的灭活疫苗能够保护2008年流行毒株的攻击。     

甘肃沙枣多糖提取工艺研究

采用热水浸提、醇沉法提取沙枣多糖,对沙枣多糖提取工艺进行了研究。选择料液比、浸提温度和浸提时间作为单因素进行梯度实验,确定其提取备件范围,再通过正交试验进一步确定沙枣多糖最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,沙枣多糖的最佳提取工艺为：浸提温度为85℃、固液比为1：60、浸提时间为2h,在此条件下提取得甘肃沙枣多糖含量为4．98％。