休闲期不同耕作模式对旱地麦田土壤水分、养分及产量的影响

为探索适宜晋南旱地小麦高效生产的耕作模式,以晋麦92为试验材料,设置休闲期深翻/深翻、深松/深翻、深松/深松、常规耕作(对照)4个耕作模式,研究其对土壤水分及养分、作物生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,深翻/深翻、深松/深翻、深松/深松模式较对照休闲末期3m内土壤蓄水量和土壤蓄水效率显著提高,土壤蓄水效率提高达52.5%~91.3%,以深松/深松模式较好;越冬-孕穗期3m内土壤蓄水量提高,且深松/深松模式与对照差异显著;各生育时期单株干物质积累量提高,且越冬-拔节期深松/深松、深松/深翻模式与对照差异显著,孕穗-成熟期各耕作模式与对照差异均显著;穗数、千粒重、产量和水分利用效率显著提高,其中穗数提高22.7%~29.9%,水分利用效率提高15.1%~21.6%,产量提高39.4%~60.3%,以深松/深松模式较好;收获后0~40cm土层土壤有机质平均含量提高2.5%~8.7%,速效磷含量提高11.1%~34.4%,碱解氮含量提高5.1%~20.2%,以深松/深松模式较好。总之,深翻/深翻、深松/深翻、深松/深松模式均能提高土壤蓄水保墒能力,改善养分供应状况,有利于促进小麦干物质积累,最终提高产量和水分利用效率,以深松/深松模式最佳。     

Analysis of the variations in dry matter yield and resource use efficiency of maize under different rates of nitrogen,phosphorous and water supply

Abstract

Increasing resources use efficiency in intensive cultivation systems of maize (Zea mays L.) can play an important role in increasing the production and sustainability of agricultural systems. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate DM yield and the efficiency of inputs uses under different levels of water, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in maize. Therefore, three levels of irrigation including 80 (ETc₈₀), 100 (ETc₁₀₀) and 120% (ETc₁₂₀) of crop evapotranspiration were considered as the main plots, and the factorial combination of three levels of zero (N₀), 200 (N₂₀₀) and 400 (N₄₀₀) kg N ha^?1 with three levels of zero (P₀), 100(P₁₀₀) and 200 (P₂₀₀) kg P ha^?1 was considered as the sub plots. The results showed that increasing the consumption of water and P was led to the reduction of N and P utilization efficiency, while RUE increased. WUE was also increased in response to application of N and P, but decreased when ET_C increased. DM yield under ETc₈₀ treatment reduced by 11 and 12%, respectively, compared to ETc₁₀₀ and ETc₁₂₀ which was due to reduction of cumulative absorbed radiation (R_abs(cum)) and RUE. Under these conditions, changes of stomatal conductance (gs) had little effect on DM yield. It was also found that N limitation caused 11 and 20% reduction in DM yield compared to N₂₀₀ and N₄₀₀, respectively. This yield reduction was mainly the result of decrease in RUE. By decreasing R_abs(cum), P deficiency also reduced DM yield by 5 and 9%, respectively, relative to P₁₀₀ and P₂₀₀ treatments.     

密闭式无糖组培室环境控制系统设计与控制性能

报道了一种密闭式植物无糖组培室,以及一套应用于该组培室的综合环境控制系统(包括环境因子检测与控制子系统和洁净控制子系统)中的环境因子检测与控制子系统。环境因子检测与控制子系统中,温度控制采用触点控制方式,相对湿度和CO2浓度控制采用比例控制方式。测试结果表明:在温度可将室温控制在设定值±0.1￣0.5℃范围内;在控制值30%和35%时内,系统可将相对湿度控制在控制值±5%的范围内;在控制值为800和1200mL.L-1时,CO2浓度可被控制在控制值±50mL.L-1范围内。     

农业科技服务系统中的基于复合混沌系统加密的图像信息保护算法

在农业科技服务系统构建中,关于农业科技信息的保护方面,提出一种基于复合混沌系统加密的数字水印嵌入算法,嵌入过程在要保护图像的RGB色彩空间经Contourlet变换后的域内进行。原始水印经过复合混沌加密后,重复嵌入到R、G、B各颜色分量的Cont-ourlet变换域低频分量中。水印提取时,可以根据R、G、B颜色分量Contourlet域低频系数值提取水印。实验结果证明,该水印算法可以抵抗JPEG压缩、中值滤波、加噪、剪切、旋转剪切等常规水印攻击,有效提升了水印的不可见性和鲁棒性。     

小麦抗倒伏的力学分析

利用多自由度系统振动的理论,建立了小麦抗倒伏的力学模型,分析了典型风荷载对小麦的影响,推导出小麦的倒伏弯矩计算公式,并与小麦的抗倒伏弯矩比较,可对小麦的抗倒伏能力进行评价和预测。以一种小麦为计算实例,计算出倒伏弯矩和抗倒伏弯矩,数值试验验证了模型的合理性和实用性。     

关于控制盐渍化的制度安排——以土耳其为例

在高度集权的非市场决策的环境下,有效需求是由政治决策者提出的。他们的决定只出于政治方面的考虑,与当地需求无关。政府方面的有效控制盐渍化服务由于其较高的多变性和交易成本而受到妨碍,而将它们最小化的行政程序本身又导致下水位的上升。有了自治的用水户协会,输水系统的维护和水资源分配条例的实施工作得到改善。可是,它们对控制盐渍化的贡献很小,需要国家对其加以调控。     

沼气系统在稻田养鱼中的应用

稻田养鱼是把水稻种植和鱼类养殖有机结合的一种综合生态农业模式,它同时优化了种植业和养殖业,最终让农民实现稻鱼双丰收,这种高效的生态模式对于推动农业经济发展具有较大的促进作用.该研究的核心是在传统稻田养鱼的基础之上,以“沼气系统”为纽带,把除水稻之外的种植业和畜禽养殖业连入其中,形成“以农带牧、以牧促沼、以沼促鱼促稻”的立体生态农业模式.分别从传统稻田养鱼的生态循环及意义、沼气系统与稻田养鱼联合后的生态循环及效益和稻田养鱼的未来展望等方面展开论述,并通过沼气系统联合前后效益的对比凸显出了其对于稻田养鱼的发展具有重要地位和作用——它扩大了稻田养鱼的生态范围,增强了农业生态系统的活力和稳定性,最终实现了农村经济的可持续发展.     

不同架式‘爱神玫瑰’葡萄果实成熟期间单萜积累及相关基因的表达

【目的】探讨不同架式对葡萄果实成熟期间单萜类化合物合成的影响,进一步从基因表达水平揭示基因转录与单萜积累的关系,以期为生产中架式选择及葡萄果实香味品质的提高提供一定的理论依据。【方法】以T型和V型架式栽培的‘爱神玫瑰’葡萄果实为试材,于果实成熟初期（花后30 d）开始取样,直至果实完全成熟。连续两年常规方法测定果实样品可溶性固形物及可滴定酸含量,利用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱与质谱联用技术（SPEME-GC-MS）测定果实中单萜类组分和含量的变化,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析单萜合成途径中关键基因脱氧木酮糖磷酸合酶基因（DXS1和DXS3）、脱氧木酮糖磷酸还原异构酶基因（DXR）、异戊烯基焦磷酸还原酶基因（HDR）、里那醇合成酶基因（Liner syn）和萜品醇合成酶基因（Terp syn）的表达变化。【结果】随着果实成熟,可溶性固形物含量逐渐升高,而可滴定酸含量逐渐降低。成熟期的T型架葡萄果实可溶性固形物含量显著高于V型架,可滴定酸含量没有显著差异。2016年和2017年两种架式果实样品中分别检测到27和28种单萜类化合物。检测结果表明不同架式主要萜烯类化合物组分不尽相同,随着果实成熟,主要萜烯类成分也发生变化。成熟时,T型架果实中主要单萜类化合物有里那醇、柠檬烯、α-萜品醇、β-cis-罗勒烯和香叶醇;V型架主要有里那醇、α-萜品醇、柠檬烯、橙花醚和β-cis-罗勒烯等,其中以里那醇含量最高。2016年成熟期T型架果实单萜总量达到108.18 μg?L ^-1,是V型架最高含量的1.9倍。而2017年成熟期T型架果实单萜总量达到403.24 μg?L ^-1,是V型架最高含量的1.5倍;大多数单萜类化合物含量在成熟时表现为T型架显著高于V型架。在整个果实成熟期间,两种架式葡萄果实单萜类化合物积累表现为两种变化模式,包括里那醇、香叶醇、橙花醇及萜品醇等在内的大部分化合物遵循第一种模式,即在果实成熟时含量达到最高。但是不同架式表现又略微不同,(E,Z)-别罗勒烯、β-cis-罗勒烯、柠檬烯和α-萜品醇等化合物在T型架果实中表现为先下降,花后57 d急剧升高,成熟后期（花后76 d）又下降的趋势。而在V型架果实中这些化合物含量随着果实成熟逐渐上升,花后48 d达到积累高峰,之后又逐渐下降至最低含量。另外,果实成熟期间单萜合成途径基因（DXS1、DXS3、DXR、DHR、Liner syn 和Terp syn）表达量随着果实成熟呈上升趋势。不同架式葡萄果实成熟期间单萜总量积累规律与DXS3、HDR、Liner syn和Terp syn表达规律相似。成熟期T型架果实中各个基因表达量明显高于V型架,与单萜类化合物积累模式相一致。【结论】T型架式栽培更有利于果实单萜类物质的积累,T型架式单萜类化合物的高效积累与其代谢途径多个关键酶基因高效表达密切相关。     

Comparison of the API 20E and BBL Crystal E/NF Identification Systems for Differentiating Bacterial Isolates from Apparently Healthy Reared Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

The ability of two commercial rapid identification systems, API 20E and BBL Crystal E/NF, to reliably identify bacterial isolates from the internal organs of reared sea bass were compared. The tests gave different results: API 20E identified bacteria as Pseudomonas spp. with 37% accuracy, while BBL Crystal E/NF identified them as Flavobacterium odoratum with 99% accuracy. Although F. odoratum is not a marine fish pathogen, conventional tests conducted with the same isolates were more indicative of them being Flavobacterium spp. than Pseudomonas spp., suggesting that BBL Crystal E/NF was more reliable in this identification. Both systems were found to be applicable for diagnostics of marine fish pathogens, but should be used with caution because of possible misinterpretation.     

The Italian Information System on Zoonoses Data Collection

In the framework of the international obligations subscribed by the Italian government, the Italian Ministry of Health should provide the European Union (EU) (European Commission, European Food Safety Authority – EFSA) with a set of data and information related to the report and the spread of zoonoses and to the activities put in place for monitoring and control of zoonoses. In 2008, the Italian Ministry of Health commissioned the Istituto G. Caporale (ICT) to implement an information system able to provide information and data on the monitoring and control of zoonoses in the national territory, in accordance with the national and community legislation. The system is part of the e‐Government process that involves all public administrations of the EU and refers to the use of information and communication technologies for the digital processing of documents in order to obtain simplification and interoperability of administrative procedures through the Internet, as defined in the strategic lines published by the National Centre for Information Systems in Public Administration (DigitPA) in 2009–2011.