秸秆覆盖对不同初始含水率土壤产沙过程的影响

秸秆覆盖是防治水土流失最有效的措施之一。该文通过模拟降雨（降雨强度为60 mm/h,降雨历时1 h）研究坡耕地在不同土壤初始含水率状态下秸秆覆盖变化对产沙过程的影响。试验地位于中国科学院红壤生态实验站,土壤类型为耕作铝质湿润淋溶土,试验小区为12 m×3 m,坡度为9%。处理分为5个水平的覆盖度（0、15%、30%、60%和90%）和2种土壤初始含水率（干态和湿态）。结果表明,在0、15%、30%、60%和90%覆盖度下,干态土壤平均产沙速率依次为24.5、15.8、10.4、11.2和1.0 g/(m2·h),同一覆盖度下产沙速率在模拟降雨时段内略微增大。湿态土壤条件下平均产沙速率依次为115.6、70.0、49.6、34.8和31.9 g/(m2·h),同一覆盖度下产沙速率在模拟降雨时段内下降明显。0、15%、30%、60%和90%覆盖度下平衡时产沙速率依次为52.5、30.5、22.8、19.8和15.4 g/(m2·h)。另外,5个水平的覆盖度中,30%的花生秸秆覆盖降低不同前期含水率下土壤产沙速率50%以上。因此,不同前期含水率情况下土壤产沙速率对秸秆覆盖度变化的响应非常明显,30%秸秆覆盖具有较为经济的水土保持效果。     

大田秸秆生物反应堆技术可行性分析及配套机具研究

秸秆生物反应堆技术是农作物秸秆利用的有效途径之一。概述秸秆生物反应堆技术的原理、作用及应用情况。提出将该技术应用于大田作物生产的设想,分析技术要点,探讨技术实施所需作业机具的设计方案,以期为今后的进一步研究提供依据。     

土壤有机质对坡耕地土壤侵蚀及作物产量的影响

土壤有机质是形成土壤结构的重要因素.采取定位试验的结果表明,在10°～12°的黄土坡耕地上每公顷施厩肥30000、45000、75000kg,年径流量比对照区分别减少13.3%、20.5%、34%,年泥沙流失量分别减少32.3%、33.7%、35.4%,其减少率随施肥量的增加而提高;第4年各施肥水平下的耕层土壤有机质增加量分别为69.7%、65.0%和140.1%;一种作物在一年中的产量随施肥量的增加而增加,3种施肥水平可分别增产26.7%、25.5%和43.3%.在10°左右的坡耕地上,每年施入一定数量的有机肥,使土壤有机质增加,土壤结构得到改善,并达到减少水土流失、提高作物产量的目的.     

Earthworm biomass response to soil management in semi-arid tropical Alfisol agroecosystems

Earthworms recorded during 1989–1993 across 15 soil management treatments, comprising three different tillagexthree organic amendments (bare, farmyard manure, and rice straw) and six perennial ley treatments, belonged to two endogeic species, Octochaetona phillotti (Michaelsen) and Lampito mauritii Kinberg, while in a nearby undisturbed natural revegetation area three species were found, including the above two and Octonochaeta rosea (Stephenson). The earthworm biomass showed significant temporal and spatial variations and was higher during the post monsoon period than in the early rainy season. No worm biomass was recorded during the dry season. In the tillage and organic amendment treatments, the biomass was drastically reduced from September 1989 to September 1991 after the application of carbofuran and some herbicides, and was significantly reduced during these two years compared to that of 1992. The maximum monthly earthworm biomass ranged between 2.5 and 17.9 g m^-2 across the treatments and increased several-fold in the nearby natural revegetation area (75.9 g m^-2). It significantly increased in perennial ley treatments compared to annual treatments with organic amendments. Thus the earthworm biomass varied significantly (P<0.01) across the 15 treatments, indicating discernible effects of soil management.Visiting Scientist (under the Rockefeller Foundation Environmental Research Fellowship in International Agriculture)     

Phytoextraction of Cd and Zn with Salix viminalis in field trials

Abstract. Use of high biomass crops such as the willow Salix viminalis to extract metals for soil remediation has been proposed as an alternative to the low biomass-producing hyperaccumulating plants. High yields compensate for the moderate heavy-metal concentrations in the shoots of such species. We report the first long-term trials using Salix viminalis to extract heavy metals from two contaminated soils, one calcareous (5 years) and one acidic (2 years). Total metals extracted by the plants were 170 g Cd ha⁻¹ and 13.4 kg Zn ha⁻¹ from the calcareous soil after 5 years, and 47 g Cd ha⁻¹ and 14.5 kg Zn ha⁻¹ from the acidic soil after 2 years; in the first year outputs were negligible. After 2 years, Salix had performed better on the acidic soil because of larger biomass production and higher metal concentrations in shoots. Addition of elemental sulphur to the soil did not yield any additional benefit in the long term, but application of an Fe chelate improved the biomass production. Cd and Zn concentrations were significantly higher in leaves than stems, highlighting the necessity to collect leaves as well as shoots. On both soils, concentration in shoots decreased with time, indicating a decrease in extraction efficiency.     

基于自然光照反射光谱的温室黄瓜叶片含氮量预测

利用便携式光谱辐射仪测量了自然光照条件下温室黄瓜叶片的光谱反射率,并计算了反射率光谱的一次微分光谱。反射率光谱以及一次微分光谱与叶片含氮量的相关分析表明,温室内光谱特性与叶片含氮量相关性最大的敏感波段分别是505～664 nm和685～722 nm。当利用原始光谱进行分析时,通过变量筛选得到了4个敏感波长,分别是568、596、640和664 nm。偏最小二乘回归分析(PLSR)以及归一化颜色指数(NDCI)分析都表明,建模时的相关系数R_C>0.800,模型验证时的相关系数R_V>0.700。对微分光谱进行的相关分析结果表明,利用单一敏感波长520 nm就可获得理想模型,建模时的相关系数为0.880,模型验证时的相关系数为0.787。对比原始光谱的PLSR模型与一阶微分光谱的一元线性回归模型可以得知,原始光谱以及一阶微分光谱都可用于温室内叶片含氮量的预测,而且一阶微分光谱在一些特殊的波长处具有更高的预测能力,这些模型将成为开发便携式作物长势诊断仪器的技术基础。     

不同秸秆还田模式与氮肥施用量对土壤N2O排放的影响

以山东省桓台县为试验地点,分析在高产条件下,不同秸秆还田模式和氮肥施用量对农田N2O排放的影响.试验结果表明,氮肥施用量与秸秆还田模式都是影响土壤N2O排放的重要因素;小麦秸秆还田可以大大降低土壤N2O的排放,施用有机粪肥是影响N2O排放的另一重要因素.     

耕作及轮作对土壤氮素径流流失的影响

5年轮作和1年水平沟耕作试验表明:在不同的坡度上,与传统耕作法相比,水平沟减少产流7%,径流液铵态氮浓度提高19%,流失量达到13.01kg/(km²·a),比传统耕作多流失1.11kg/(km²·a);径流硝态氮浓度减少27%,比传统耕作减少7.68kg/(km²·a);径流硝态氮流失减少量和铵态氮增加量相差6倍,水平沟可减少6.57kg/(km²·a)矿质氮流失;水平沟拦截泥沙25%左右,泥沙中全氮富集率提高13%,土壤全氮流失457kg/(km²·a),平均减少18%;一季黑豆和一季黄豆及两季黑豆和一季黄豆参与的5年轮作周期,土壤侵蚀量仅为896t/(km²·a)和984t/(km²·a),不及糜子和土豆参与轮作周期的1/2.     

小麦秸秆全量还田下腐熟剂对下茬水稻产量及土壤的影响

旨在为稻麦轮作模式中秸秆全量还田提供有效配套措施,采用田间大区试验,开展了小麦秸秆全量还田配套腐熟剂研究。试验设3处理,分别为不施腐熟剂CK、施腐熟剂A和施腐熟剂B处理。结果显示腐熟剂A处理水稻比CK减产2.37%,B增产1.74%;A处理土壤速效NPK分别比CK增加了2.34mg/kg、1.00mg/kg和4.00mg/kg,铜、锌含量下降,砷含量上升3.03mg/kg;B处理速效NP分别比CK降低5.33mg/kg和6.47mg/kg,有机质减少3.66g/kg,铜、锌、砷含量均低于CK。腐熟剂A、B均可促进土壤微生物增殖,提升整体代谢活性,增加物种多样性指数;其中A处理细菌与真菌增加明显,而B对放线菌的促进更为明显。综合腐熟剂对水稻产量、土壤理化及微生物种群和代谢特征的影响,配套腐熟剂B更利于水稻产量和土壤健康。     

秸秆还田机鞭式刀具原理及运动特性分析

针对现有秸秆还田机刀具性能的不足,研制了鞭式刀具.同时,在阐述鞭式刀具的结构与工作特点的基础上,着重对该刀具破茬瞬时的加速性能进行了计算分析.计算和田间试验结果表明,该刀具作用于根茬时刀头速度大,采用该刀具的还田机既可切碎秸秆,又可以同时入土破茬,并实现了碎茬与土壤的均匀混拌.