A protocol to assess heat tolerance in a segregating population of raspberry using chlorophyll fluorescence

A detached leaf protocol was developed to assess heat tolerance in raspberry (Rubus L. subgenus Idaeobatus) by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence. In order to establish the heat screen protocol for field measurements in a segregating population, several baseline experiments were performed on genotypes with known heat tolerance based on visual observations in multiple climates. ‘Mandarin’ and ‘Qualicum’ were used as heat tolerant and heat susceptible controls, respectively. We determined that: optimum collection time was in the morning before ambient temperatures reached 28 °C, critical temperature (Tc) was 45 °C, minimum duration of dark adaptation was 15 min, and optimum heat shock duration was 30 min. Parameters established in baseline experiments were subsequently used for screening a large population (196 genotypes) planted in the field, where warm conditions commonly occur (maximum temperatures ranging between 30 and 35 °C). A significant difference in chlorophyll fluorescence was found between the two controls; ‘Qualicum’, the heat sensitive cultivar, had the lowest Fv/Fm (variable fluorescence/maximum fluorescence) value, while 18.8% of the segregating population had a higher Fv/Fm value than ‘Mandarin’, the heat tolerant cultivar. We have identified 106 individuals with an Fv/Fm above 0.600 (representing 52% of the population), and 7 individuals above 0.680 (4% of the population). The distribution of heat tolerance within the population was essentially normal, and thus quantitative trait analysis is a plausible approach for studying heat tolerance. This protocol has potential application to other Rosaceae species, and is not dependent on visual assessment.     

Determining the optimum range of soil Olsen P for high P use efficiency, crop yield, and soil fertility in three typical cropland soils

Soil Olsen P level has a major influence on crop yield, efficient P utilization, and soil fertility. In this study, the optimum Olsen P range was determined from long-term (1990-2012) field experiments in three typical soil types of China under single cropping of maize or double cropping of maize and wheat. The critical soil Olsen P value for crop yield was evaluated using three different models, and the relationships among P use efficiency (PUE), Olsen P, and total P were analyzed. The agronomic critical soil Olsen P values obtained from the three models for the neutral soil of Gongzhuling and the calcareous soil of Zhengzhou were similar; however, the values from the linear-linear and linear-plateau models for both maize and wheat were substantially lower than those from the Mitscherlich model for the acidic soil of Qiyang. The PUE response change rates (linear equation slopes) under different soil Olsen P levels were small, indicating slight or no changes in the PUE as the soil Olsen P increased in all three soils. A comparison of the Olsen P levels that achieved the maximal PUE with the agronomic critical values derived from the three models indicated that the linear-plateau model exhibited the best performance. The regression equation coefficients of Olsen P response to total P decreased as follows:Zhengzhou (73 mg g^-1) > Qiyang (65 mg g^-1) > Gongzhuling (55 mg g^-1). The Olsen P level increased as the total P increased, which may result in a decrease in PUE. To achieve a relatively high crop yield, PUE, and soil fertility, the optimum Olsen P range should be 13-40, 10-40, and 29-40 mg kg^-1 at Gongzhuling, Zhengzhou, and Qiyang, respectively.     

Swimming ability and differential use of velocity patches by 0+ cyprinids

Abstract– The ability of chub, dace and roach to resist displacement in a laboratory channel was not only controlled by species-specific swimming ability, but also by the fishes'ability to locate areas of reduced velocity. Dace were better able to withstand high velocities than roach. Chub were better at locating slow flowing patches than either roach or dace throughout their early development. Only chub larvae shifted towards slower flowing patches as velocity increased. All juveniles shifted to slower flowing patches at high velocities.     

点篮子鱼幼鱼的热耐受特征

为研究驯化温度对点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)幼鱼热耐受特征的影响,实验设置了5组驯化水温(19℃、22℃、25℃、28℃和31℃),采用临界温度法对点篮子鱼幼鱼[(2.163±0.450)g]进行研究。结果显示:各驯化温度下(19℃、22℃、25℃、28℃和31℃)的最大临界温度(CTmax)和最小临界温度(CTmin)分别为37.26℃、37.72℃、39.49℃、39.75℃、39.90℃和13.11℃、13.14℃、14.22℃、14.29℃、17.28℃;最大致死温度(LTmax)和最小致死温度(LTmin)分别为37.76℃、38.18℃、39.88℃、40.79℃、40.93℃和11.69℃、11.75℃、11.85℃、12.41℃、15.39℃。点篮子鱼幼鱼在19℃、22℃、25℃、28℃和31℃驯化温度下的温度耐受幅分别为24.15℃、24.58℃、25.27℃、25.46℃、22.62℃;高温驯化反应率最大值出现在22~25℃区间内,为0.663;低温驯化反应率最大值出现在31~28℃区间内,为0.997。19~31℃驯化区间内的热耐受区域面积为296.085℃2。研究结果表明,随着驯化温度的升高,最大临界温度和最大致死温度逐渐增大;随驯化温度的降低,最小临界温度和最小致死温度逐渐减小。点篮子鱼幼鱼的热耐受性明显受到驯化温度的影响。     

隐蔽油气藏中“四性关系”的复杂性及综合评价方法

以低幅度型隐蔽油藏及位于构造运动活跃区的隐蔽油气藏为研究对象,通过综合分析其构造演化特征、成藏动力及储层非均质特征,研究了此类油藏中的油水分布规律及控制因素。并在此基础上通过理论计算及建立地层压力预测模型,提出了准确评价此类油藏的2种辅助方法：临界油柱高度计算法和地层压力预测法。     

大肠杆菌和弗氏志贺氏菌临界生长温度的研究

本文通过对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和弗氏志贺氏菌(Shiglla flexneri)生长速率常数的研究,提出了k~(1/2)=a+bT的线性关系式。借助此线性关系式,本文得到了以上2种细菌的临界生长温度T_0=-a/b。实验证明:k~(1/2)-T的相关系数比lnk-1/T的相关系数高;同1细菌在不同培养基中的临界生长温度基本上是1个常数,不同的细菌则临界生长温度不同;常数b是与培养基有关的常数,本文定义为细菌的培养基常数。     

用边界元法分析纳米硬度实验中的位错生成

利用边界积分方法及基于Peierls-Nabarro模型的位错理论,分析了理想纳米触头下位错的生成, 得到了滑移原子层上相对滑移量、位错产生的临界载荷以及激发位错所需的激发能。导出了位错产生临 界载荷的近似解析式。用于验证数值分析结果的有效性。该方法在连续力学的计算中引入了包含原子信 息的层间势能函数,为分析多尺度的力学问题提供了有效的方法。     

Effective Unloading Area between Cantilever Piles

The formation mechanism of the arching effect between cantilever piles is studied according to their stress characteristics. The soil arch is classified into three types based on its position in a space coordinate system, namely, a horizontal arch, a vertical arch and a free face arch. The master factor for distribution of unloading area between piles is the horizontal arch effect. The range of effective unloading area is defined. Based on the failure pattern of soil arches and the relationship between soil strength theory and the static equilibrium principle of soil arches, a calculation model is established by considering the presence of geostatic stress and sliding thrust force. The relation between soil strength and critical height is studied by variation of cohesion and friction angle. In addition, the impact of canonical distributions of the earth pressure to the vector height of unloading area is also discussed. Finally, the calculation model is verified by an example from real engineering work.