Would behavioral thermoregulation enable pregnant viviparous tropical lizards to cope with a warmer world?

Sceloporus lizards depend on external heat to achieve their preferred temperature (T_sel) for performing physiological processes. Evidence both in the field and laboratory indicates that pregnant females of this Genus select body temperatures (T_b) lower than 34 °C as higher temperatures may be lethal to embryos. Therefore, thermoregulation is crucial for successful embryo development. Given the increase in global air temperature, it is expected that the first compensatory response of species that inhabit tropical climates will be behavioral thermoregulation. We tested whether viviparous Sceloporus formosus group lizards in the wild exhibited differences in thermoregulatory behavior to achieve the known T_sel for developing embryos regardless of local thermal conditions. We quantified field active body temperature, thermoregulatory behavior mechanisms (time of sighting, microhabitat used and basking time) and available microhabitat thermal conditions (i.e. operative temperature) for 10 lizard species during gestation, distributed along an altitudinal gradient. We applied both conventional and phylogenic analyses to explore whether T_b or behavioral thermoregulation could be regulated in response to different thermal conditions. These species showed no significant differences in field T_b during gestation regardless of local thermal conditions. In contrast, they exhibited significant differences in their behavioral thermoregulation associated with local environmental conditions. Based on these observations, the differences in thermoregulatory behavior identified are interpreted as compensatory adjustments to local thermal conditions. We conclude that these species may deal with higher temperatures predicted for the tropics by modulating their thermoregulatory behavior.     

几种糖类物质对蠋蝽取食行为选择和繁殖力的影响

蠋蝽是一种适应能力强、捕食范围广的天敌昆虫,糖类物质是昆虫必需的营养物质,也是人工饲料中重要的营养成分和促食因子。本研究通过在蠋蝽产卵期内补充6种糖溶液,测定其繁殖力参数,并比较蠋蝽对6种糖溶液的取食行为选择,筛选出其中对蠋蝽最具吸引、促食作用最强的糖类。结果表明,糖的相对甜度大小与蠋蝽繁殖力高低无显著相关性,与行为选择有关,蠋蝽对6种糖类取食行为选择的喜好程度为蔗糖果糖麦芽糖海藻糖葡萄糖肌醇,且都明显高于蒸馏水,表现为偏向选择甜度较高的糖类;补充6种糖类对蠋蝽繁殖力的影响为:补充麦芽糖或海藻糖溶液能显著地增加蠋蝽的繁殖力,其中补充麦芽糖的蠋蝽产卵量为323.85粒,每日每雌产卵量为6.81粒;补充海藻糖蠋蝽的产卵量为271.13粒,每日每雌产卵量为8.14粒;补充肌醇蠋蝽的繁殖力各项指标最低;补充果糖或蔗糖不能明显提高蠋蝽的繁殖力,但这两种糖类相对甜度较高,对蠋蝽的吸引作用较强,且成本也较低,可作为促食剂加入饲料中或在产卵期补充营养。本研究结果为改良人工饲料中的糖类物质促食因子和提高蠋蝽繁殖力提供了参考,也为深入研究蠋蝽人工饲料中其他种类促食因子奠定了理论基础。     

环境温度变化对异色瓢虫的飞行与运动能力的影响

研究环境温度变化对异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)飞行与爬行搜索能力的影响,对合理利用异色瓢虫进行生防控害有重要意义。本研究设置15、25和35℃恒温处理,以及15~35℃连续线性变温和15℃—25℃—35℃跳跃变温处理,利用飞行磨和昆虫行为记录仪测定异色瓢虫成虫对上述温度处理的行为响应。结果表明,异色瓢虫在15℃平均飞行(14.2±1.9)次、累计飞行(1089.6±112.3)m、(98.3±11.6)min,平均飞行速度为(11.2±1.1)m/min,显著高于其他温度;而在35℃平均爬行(26.1±2.1)次,共爬行(719.6±73.2)cm、平均爬行速度为(2.6±0.7)cm/s,且方向改变(101.3±11.2)次,均显著大于其他处理。异色瓢虫在连续跳跃变温条件下的飞行能力与运动搜索能力均显著大于连续线性变温及恒定常温(25℃)对照。本研究表明异色瓢虫在较低温度下的飞行能力较强,而在较高温度下的爬行搜索能力较强。此外,扰动型环境波动可以显著提升异色瓢虫飞行和爬行能力。     

磁制冷材料Ni-Mn-Ga合金的相变与奇异热膨胀特性

Ni-Mn-Ga合金是典型的磁制冷材料,其热膨胀系数是工程设计中最重要的参数之一。为深入研究Ni-Mn-Ga合金的热膨胀特性,该文利用SEM、XRD、DSC及PPMS系统分别对合金Ni_(54+x)Mn_(19–x)Ga_(27)(x=0、0.2、0.4、0.6)的组分、结构、相变温度、磁结构转变及热膨胀特性进行试验测试。结果表明,随着Ni含量的增加,Ni_(54+x)Mn_(19–x)Ga_(27)合金的马氏体相变温度逐渐升高。当x从0.0增至0.6时,正反马氏体相变峰温TM与TA分别从257、265 K增至292、299 K。零场热应变曲线表明,Ni-Mn-Ga合金具有各向同性的热膨胀特性。马氏体相与奥氏体相的热膨胀系数分别位于8.87~16.60×10–6/K与5.21~6.26×10–6/K之间。而在马氏体相变附近,合金出现了奇异的、明显的负热膨胀行为,且升、降温过程合金的负热膨胀系数分别位于–147.54~–17.60×10–6/K与–133.30~–88.72×10–6/K之间,分别约为马氏体相的1.47~16.63倍与6.63~12.89倍。这种奇异的负热膨胀行为很可能是由于马氏体变体的成核、重取向所引起的。研究结果对磁制冷材料Ni-Mn-Ga合金热膨胀系数的调控及其工程应用具有较好的指导意义。     

原竹骨架喷涂复合材料多功能组合构件力学性能试验研究

为研究原竹骨架喷涂复合材料组合构件的力学性能,该文通过立柱轴压性能和抗弯性能足尺试验,研究其传力过程、承载能力、破坏模式及复合材料对原竹骨架的增强作用。结果表明:组合构件立柱轴压试验的破坏模式为整体失稳破坏;在有限元参数分析中,立柱数目少于6根时,立柱数目越多,平均每根立柱的轴压承载力越大,但立柱数目超过6根时,平均每根立柱的极限承载力随立柱数目的增多反而有降低的风险;立柱间距在200~500 mm范围内,间距越大,其立柱平均承载力越高;对多根立柱统一均匀加载时,构件会发生整体失稳破坏,而对中间立柱单根加载时,其顶部出现局部压溃现象。抗弯性能试验的破坏模式为纵向原竹与复合材料产生滑移,构件在集中荷载处发生弯折破坏。复合材料对构件立柱提供了较好的约束作用,使其轴压承载力提高3.7倍,但与立柱达到抗压强度破坏时的极限承载能力相比低16.7%;当达到组合构件的弯曲容许挠度和峰值挠度时,构件所承担荷载分别约为原竹骨架构件的7倍与4倍,说明复合材料对原竹骨架的增强作用显著。研究成果可为喷涂复合材料-原竹骨架组合结构体系的工程应用提供参考。     

基于消费者行为的西瓜市场营销策略研究

以北京市西瓜消费者为研究对象,从消费者行为的视角,对西瓜消费者的行为偏好和特征进行总结,基于消费者行为制定西瓜市场的营销策略：在产品策略上研发小果型西瓜、注重西瓜的口感和质量;在价格策略上保质低价;在渠道策略上拓展网店微商等网上渠道;在促销策略上开展西瓜展销活动和广告营销,以提高西瓜市场的市场营销水平,促进北京和全国的西瓜的消费市场持续稳步增长。     

Behavioral Observations on Introduced Hu Sheep in Henan Province,China

Hu Sheep is a local sheep breed in the plain of Taihu,China.Due to the natural conditions in Taihu and human domestication,Hu Sheep is gradually featured with high adaptability,fast growth rate,early maturity and high productivity,which make them to be a unique and rare breed of sheep.In the present study,an experiment was conducted by means of instantaneous scan sampling,focal animal sampling and all-occurrence sampling to learn about Hu Sheep's behavior and activity pattern under certain feeding management and ecological condition.The result showed that the activity time budgets for several behaviors were different between rams and ewes,with respect to feeding (rams 30.60％ vs.ewes 33.23％),ruminating (33.43％ vs.35.30％);sleeping (19.92％ vs.13.69％),standing (4.13％ vs.5.26％),moving (8.10％ vs.7.46％),and other behaviors (3.86％ vs.5.06％).A circadian activity rhythm was shown in some behaviors;e.g.,total feeding time was greater in the daytime than at night,whereas resting time showed the opposite tendency.Moving mostly occurred in the daytime,and ruminating mainly occurred at night.Additionally,feeding activity occurred 32.22 times per day in rams and 31.73 times per day in ewes,whereas ruminating activity after feeding occurred 19.83 times per day in rams and 24.34 times per day in ewes.For each food bolus,the average ruminating time was 51.22 s in rams and 49.52 s in ewes,with 68.22 bouts of rumination per day in rams and 57.35 bouts of rumination in ewes.By conducting the experiment,we studied and grasped the local Hu Sheep's main behavior and regularity which are of great significance on improving the feeding management and reducing diseases.     

圆钢管型钢再生混凝土长柱轴压下受力性能的分析

【目的】采用有限元分析圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合长柱在轴向荷载作用下的受力性能,为其工程应用提供技术支持。【方法】在前期试验的基础上,结合非线性分析理论,采用Abaqus有限元软件对圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合长柱的轴压性能进行数值模拟,观察试件的破坏过程及特征,获取其应力云图及轴向荷载-应变曲线;并在此试验结果的基础上,对长柱进行了有限元参数拓展分析。【结果】随着钢管径厚比的增大,长柱试件承载力降幅约为6.0%,且刚度明显降低。增大型钢配钢率时,其承载力提高了4.4%左右,但延性提高明显。随着钢管和型钢强度的增大,长柱承载力提高幅度为4.3%和4.5%左右,对试件变形能力的影响不明显。此外,提高再生混凝土强度,长柱承载力提高幅度最大可达13.9%,但其延性性能降低。【结论】利用Abaqus模拟圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合长柱的轴压受力性能是可行的,同时也表明该组合柱具有较高的承载力和良好的延性变形能力。     

赣州茶制品市场消费者行为分析及营销对策

[目的]分析赣州市茶制品市场的消费者行为,并提出营销对策,为该地区茶产业的结构调整及升级转型提供理论依据.[方法]基于计划行为理论(Theory of planned behavior,TPB)分析消费者行为影响因素,通过问卷调查得到赣州茶制品消费者相关数据,运用回归模型对消费者的消费意愿、消费行为及其相关性进行实证分析.[结果]消费意愿和消费行为受消费者人口统计学特征、消费动机、茶制品认知、产品要素、参照群体、企业营销等因素不同程度的影响;消费意愿与消费行为存在极显著正相关(P<0.01).TPB模型对赣州消费者茶制品消费行为具有很好的解释力.[建议]组合多种营销方式,提升市场扩散效果;打造企业形象名片,提升企业内在竞争力;普及茶制品知识,提高消费者认知;完善茶制品信息,提高消费者认可度;畅通有效信息渠道,赢得消费者口碑;购买渠道多样化,培育"互联网+".