Effects of Harvest Period on the Production of White River Crayfish,Procambarus acutus acutus

Abstract

Crayfish harvest was initiated at a cool water temperature (15°C) and warm water temperature (20°C) from culture ponds (0.1 ha) with a resident population of white river crayfish, Procambarus acutus acutus.Crayfish were harvested for 24 days for a total of 1,977 trap-days/ha (March 9-May 12, 2000 from the cool-harvest treatment and May 5-June 15, 2000 from the warm-harvest treatment). The mean total length (TL) and production of harvested white river crayfish (WRC) was similar between treatments. The population structures of WRC from the cool and warm periods of harvest were substantially different; large WRC (≤100 mm TL) from the cool-harvest period were 3.1 times more abundant than large WRC during the warm-harvest period. A similar number of small WRC were harvested from the two treatments; however, those small WRC harvested during the warm period was significantly longer than the small WRC during the cool-harvest period. The estimated large WRC biomass contribution to the total harvest from the cool-harvest period was 37% in comparison to 15% during the warm-harvest period. The estimated dollar value of the production during the cool-harvest period was 40% more than that from the warm-harvest period.     

克氏原螯虾丝氨酸蛋白酶类似物部分基因的克隆与鉴定

设计简并引物,PCR扩增了克氏原螯虾(Procam barus clarkii)丝氨酸蛋白酶类似物基因的部分序列,通过与GenBank登录的序列进行比对,结果显示该序列编码的氨基酸与其他物种的丝氨酸蛋白酶类似物氨基酸序列有较高的同源性。SMART软件分析发现其催化三联体结构中的丝氨酸被甘氨酸取代,不具备蛋白酶水解活性。     

克氏原螯虾-水稻连作对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

为了研究克氏原螯虾-水稻连作对系统土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。分别选择克氏原螯虾-水稻连作塘、水稻田为研究对象,采用Biolog-ECO方法检测土壤样品中微生物对31种碳源的利用能力,研究克氏原螯虾-水稻连作田和单纯水稻田中微生物代谢活性及代谢多样性差异,并分析其影响因素。结果表明,克氏原螯虾-水稻连作田土壤中氮、磷、钾和有机质的含量和微生物代谢活性均显著低于水稻田,“虾-稻”连作田和水稻田土壤微生物代谢多样性间也存在显著差异(P<0.05)。冗余分析的结果表明,这种差异和土壤有机质含量具有显著的相关性(R²=0.814,P =0.001)。克氏原螯虾-水稻连作对土壤微生物功能多样性能够产生显著影响。肥料使用量的降低、使用方式的改变,特别是其中有机质含量的降低是造成影响的重要原因。     

Use of natural pyrethrum to control the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii in a rural district of Italy

BACKGROUND: The crayfish Procambarus clarkii inflicts severe ecological and economic damages in Europe. To develop an efficient method for its control, four experiments were carried out to assess the impact of natural pyrethrum (i.e. Pyblast) on crayfish: (1) the 24 h LC₁₀₀ and LC₅₀ were quantified on crayfish; (2) the breakdown time of the 24 h LC₁₀₀ was assessed using Daphnia magna as a bioindicator; the effects of 24 h LC₁₀₀ on crayfish were investigated by applying the biocide into burrows (3) and in a drainage channel (4). RESULTS: Pyblast concentrations of 0.05 and 0.02 mg L^?1 corresponded to 24 h LC₁₀₀ and LC₅₀ respectively. The concentration of 0.05 mg L^?1 broke down after 72 h, whereas 0.02 mg L^?1 did not cause any significant mortality in D. magna after 24 h. However, 0.05 mg L^?1 had no effect on crayfish when introduced into the burrows, but led to a mortality of 95% when applied in the water. CONCLUSION: Experimental evidence is provided for the efficacy of Pyblast to control invasive crayfish. Obviously, before its use on a large scale, further studies are needed to find a concentration that will achieve the target 100% mortality with the shortest recovery time of the environment. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

稻—小龙虾生态种养模式探析

稻—小龙虾生态种养模式是水产养殖业与种植业有机结合的一种生态农业生产模式,充分挖掘了稻田的生产力,提高了稻米质量,增加了经济效益,提高了农民种田的积极性,解决了农田撂荒的问题,保护了粮食安全。当前在湖南省甚至全国得到迅速推广和发展。本文介绍了稻—小龙虾模式的种类和田间种养技术流程,分析其经济效益、生态效益和社会效益,并探讨了农业监测系统在稻—小龙虾生态种养模式中的应用,以期为生态农业的现代化提供参考。     

稻虾共作对稻田土壤nirK反硝化微生物群落结构和多样性的影响

稻虾共作是水稻种植与克氏螯虾共作形成的互利共生的稻田种养复合生态模式。目前对稻虾共作模式稻田反硝化微生物多样性和群落结构的影响尚不清楚。本研究以江汉平原常规中稻模式(MR)为对照,设置连续3年(2014—2016年)稻虾共作模式(CR)为处理,通过特异引物提取中稻抽穗期稻田土壤nirK基因,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,探讨稻虾共作模式对稻田土壤nirK反硝化微生物多样性和群落结构的影响。结果表明:稻虾共作模式显著提升水稻抽穗期稻田土壤中硝态氮、全氮及全碳的含量,对土壤碳氮比、碱解氮和铵态氮含量没有显著影响。稻虾共作模式显著增加稻田土壤nirK基因微生物的丰富度指数,但对nirK基因微生物的多样性指数影响不显著。稻虾共作模式改变了nirK基因微生物在目、科、属、种水平的群落组成,较常规中稻模式,稻虾共作模式在各分类水平组成类群均减少;稻虾共作模式较常规中稻模式改变了目的种类,对共有目相对丰度没有显著性改变。RDA分析表明稻虾共作模式对土壤nirK基因菌群的群落结构有一定的改变,但稻虾共作模式与常规中稻模式在群落结构上仍保留着一定的相似性。硝态氮含量是影响nirK反硝化细菌群落结构的主效因子。可见,稻虾共作模式对微生物多样性指数没有显著影响,但显著增加了微生物丰富度指数,改变了稻田土壤nirK反硝化微生物在目、科、属、种的群落结构。     

小龙虾扰动下水稻秸秆腐解及养分释放和表面结构变化特征

为探究持续泡水条件下小龙虾参与水稻秸秆腐解过程与特征,完善稻虾模式水稻秸秆还田技术、实现秸秆资源的高效利用及农田可持续发展,采用自制尼龙网箱法,在稻虾环沟模式的养殖沟内,以不养虾为对照,模拟研究小龙虾扰动下水稻秸秆的腐解特性、养分释放特征及其表面微观结构变化特点。结果显示,无论是否有小龙虾参与,水稻秸秆各时段平均腐解率表现出快—慢—快—慢—快的特点;150 d及以前,有虾处理与无虾处理各时段腐解量、累计腐解率和各时段平均腐解率差异均不显著,180 d及以后各指标均表现为有虾处理显著高于无虾处理,至210 d时,有虾处理水稻秸秆累计腐解率达85.67%,比无虾处理高出12.35百分点。秸秆养分累积释放率均表现为 K>P>N;150 d及以后,有虾处理N累积释放率表现出高于无虾处理的趋势,180 d及以上,有虾处理P累积释放率和总养分累积释放率表现出高于无虾处理的趋势,至210 d,有虾处理K累积释放率表现出高于无虾处理的趋势。120 d 及以后,有虾处理的秸秆表面结构受破坏程度明显大于无虾处理。结果表明,稻虾环沟模式下,小龙虾扰动能增加中后期水稻秸秆表面微观结构的受破坏程度,促进后期水稻秸秆腐解和养分释放。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下小龙虾产业发展对策——以湖北省荆州市为例

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对荆州市小龙虾养殖-物流-加工-餐饮全产业链造成了严重冲击,短期内恢复难度大,企业、新型经营主体信心不足。经历了连续多年的快速发展后,在疫情影响下,小龙虾产业呈现出新的变化：一是养殖面积趋于稳定,稻田养殖将回归理性,由“大养虾”向“养大虾”转变;二是小龙虾储藏和精深加工产业发展;三是线上消费模式将越来越被接受。基于调查研究,提出了小龙虾产业恢复生产与持续健康发展的相关建议：养殖端要从产量增长向质量提升转变,加工、服务端要开发新产品、发展新消费模式,行业管理部门要加大引导、监管力度,政府要从政策、金融、宣传等方面加强扶持,共同引导产业升级,打造区域品牌。     

A tentative new species Aphanomyces fennicus sp. nov. interferes with molecular diagnostic methods for crayfish plague

Several isolates of an unknown oomycete resembling the genus Aphanomyces were obtained into laboratory culture from samples of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) in 2016–2017. The crayfish were kept in cages in connection with a study on an eventually persistent crayfish plague infection in a small Finnish lake, following an acute episode of the disease in 2010. Despite the close resemblance of the isolates to the causative agent of crayfish plague, Aphanomyces astaci, and the positive results obtained in OIE recommended A. astaci‐specific ITS‐based conventional PCR and qPCR molecular assays, the isolates can be distinguished from A. astaci by morphological features concerning hyphal structure and chlamydospore formation, as well as using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA‐polymerase chain reaction (RAPD‐PCR) method, microsatellite‐based genotyping, the pathogenicity test and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequencing. The name Aphanomyces fennicus sp. novum is proposed for this close relative of A. astaci. The detection of this tentative novel species giving false‐positive results in existing diagnostic assays for the crayfish plague highlights the importance of careful interpretation of the results from molecular methods, especially concerning crayfish with low‐level infections, excluding the possibility to verify the results from clinical or sequencing data.     

Low genetic variability of the white‐clawed crayfish in the Iberian Peninsula: its origin and management implications

• 1. A study on the genetic variability of the white‐clawed crayfish was carried out based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene sequences. The sequences applied were more informative regarding white‐clawed crayfish genetic variability than others previously used.
• 2. Two haplotypes were found to exist in the Iberian Peninsula. The haplotypes exhibit a strong geographic subdivision (Φ_ST=0.83). One of the Iberian haplotype s was similar to north Italian haplotypes and the second differed in only one mutation. This pattern of genetic variability contrasts with those found in glacial refugial areas of France, Italy and the Balkan Peninsula.
• 3. Two hypotheses on the origin of the white‐clawed crayfish in the Iberian Peninsula are discussed: (i) one based on an anthropogenic origin, and (ii) a second based on a successive number of postglacial ancient and recent bottlenecks, i.e. the disjunction between Iberian and Italian populations of white‐clawed crayfish species is due to competition between A. italicus and A. pallipes, in addition to the impact of crayfish plague and human translocations.
• 4. New references for the white‐clawed crayfish in the Iberian Peninsula were found in medieval and Arabic texts. The results show that this species has been thriving in this peninsula since ancient periods and that its indigenous status should not be questioned.
• 5. Conservation action and plans should consider the low genetic diversity as a limitation for farm‐raising specimens more adapted and resistant to changing environments and diseases.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.